Photosynthetica 1997, 33(13):343-355 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1006803832366

Mechanisms of non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in higher plants

P. Pospíšil1
1 Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University, tř, Olomouc, Czech Republic

The excitation energy of pigment molecules in photosynthetic antennae systems is utilised by photochemistry, partly it is thermally dissipated, and partly it is emitted as fluorescence. Changes in the quantum yield of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence reflect the changes in quantum yield of photochemical reaction and thermal dissipation of the excitation energy. Decrease of the Chl fluorescence quantum yield is called the Chl fluorescence quenching. The decrease of the quantum yield that is accompanied by photochemical reactions has been termed the photochemical quenching, and the decrease accompanied by thermal dissipation of the excitation energy is called the non-photochemical quenching. This review deals with mechanisms of the non-photochemical quenching.

Additional key words: antenna pigments; cytochrome; P680; photosystem 2; reaction centre; singlet state; triplet state; zeaxanthin

Prepublished online: January 1, 1998; Published: September 1, 1997  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Pospíšil, P. (1997). Mechanisms of non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in higher plants. Photosynthetica, 34(3), 343-355. doi: 10.1023/A:1006803832366
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Adams, W.W., III, Demmig-Adams, B., Winter, K.: Relative contributions of zenxanthin-related and zeaxanthin-unrelated type of "high-energy-state" quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in spinach leaves exposed to various environmental conditions.-Plant Physiol. 92: 302-309, 1990. Go to original source...
    2. Andréasson, L-E., Vass, I., Styring, S.: Ca2+ depletion modifies the electron on both donor and acceptor side in Photosystem 2 from spinach.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1230: 155-164, 1995. Go to original source...
    3. Arnon, D.I., Tang, G.M.S.: Cytochrome b-559 and proton conductance in oxygenic photosynthesis.-Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 9524-9528, 1988. Go to original source...
    4. Barber, J., De Las Rivas, J.: A functional model for the role of cytochrome b 559 in the protection against donor and acceptor side photoinhibition.-Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 10942-10946, 1993. Go to original source...
    5. Bassi, R., Pincau, B., Dainese, P., Marquardr, J.: Carotenoid-binding proteins of photosystem II.-Eur. J. Biochem. 212: 297-303, 1993. Go to original source...
    6. Bialek-Bylka, G.E., Tomo, T., Satoh, K., Koyama, Y.: 15-cis-β-carotene found in the reaction centre of spinach photosystem II.-FEBS Lett. 363: 137-140, 1995. Go to original source...
    7. Booth, P.J., Crystall, B., Giorgi, L.B., Barber, J., Klug, D.R., Porter, G.: Thermodynamic properties of D1/D2/cytochrome b-559 reaction centres investigated by time-resolved fluorescence measurements.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1016: 141-152, 1990. Go to original source...
    8. Boussac, A., Rutherford, A.W.: Ca2+ binding to the oxygen envolving enzyme varies with the redox state of the Mn cluster.-FEBS Lett. 236: 432-436, 1988. Go to original source...
    9. Boussac, A., Rutherford, A.W.: The origin of the split S3 EPR signal in Ca2+ depleted photosystem II: Histidine versus tyrosine.-Biochemistry 31: 7441-7445, 1992. Go to original source...
    10. Breton, J., Geacintev, N.E., Swenberg, C.E.: Quenching of fluorescence by triplet excited states in chloroplasts.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 548: 616-635, 1979. Go to original source...
    11. Briantais, J.-M., Vernotte, C., Picaud, M., Krause, G.H.: A quantitative study of the slow decline of chlorophyll a fluorescence in isolated chloroplasts.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 548: 128-138, 1979. Go to original source...
    12. Buser, C.A., Diner, B.A., Brudvig, G.W.: Reevalution of the stoichiometry of cytochrome b 559 in photosystem II and thylakoid membranes.-Biochemistry 31: 11441-11448, 1992a. Go to original source...
    13. Buser, C.A., Diner, B.A., Brudvig, G.W.: Photooxidation of cytochrome b 559 in oxygen-evolving photosystem II.-Biochemistry 31: 11449-11459, 1992b. Go to original source...
    14. Cosgrove, S.A., Guite, M.A., Burnell, T.B., Christensen, R.L.: Electronic relaxation in long polyenes.-J. phys. Chem. 94: 8118-8124, 1990. Go to original source...
    15. Crofts, A.R., Yerkes, C.T.: A molecular mechanism for qE-quenching.-FEBS Lett. 352: 265-270, 1994. Go to original source...
    16. Crofts, J., Horton, P.: Dissipation of exitation energy by Photosystem II particles at low pH.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1058: 187-193, 1991. Go to original source...
    17. Demmig-Adams, B.: Carotenoids and photoprotection in plants: A role for the xanthophyll zeaxanthin.-Biochim biophys. Acta 1020: 1-24, 1990. Go to original source...
    18. Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., III: Photoprotection and other responses of plants to high light stress.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol. 43: 599-626, 1992. Go to original source...
    19. Dilley, R.A., Theg, S.M., Beard, W.A.: Membrane-proton interactions in chloroplast bioenergetics: localised proton domains.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 38: 347-389, 1987. Go to original source...
    20. Durrant, J.R., Giorgi, L.B., Barber, J., Klug, D.R., Porter, G.: Characterisation of triplet state in isolated photosystem II reaction centres: oxygen quenching as a mechanism for photodamage.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1017: 167-175, 1990. Go to original source...
    21. Falkowski, P.G., Fujita, Y., Ley, A., Mauzerall, D.: Evidence for cyclic electron flow around photosystem II in Chlorella pyrenoidosa.-Plant Physiol. 81: 310-312, 1986. Go to original source...
    22. Farhoosh, R., Chynwat, V., Gebhard, R., Lugtenburg, J., Frank, H.A.: Triplet encrgy transfer between bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids in B850 light-harvesting complexes of Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26.1.-Photosynth. Res. 42: 157-166, 1994. Go to original source...
    23. Frank, H.A., Cua, A., Chynwat, V., Young, A., Gosztola, D., Wasielewski, M.R.: Photophysics of the carotenoids associated with the xanthophyll cycle in photosynthesis.-Photosynth. Res. 41: 389-395, 1994. Go to original source...
    24. Hagen, C., Pascal, A.A., Horton, P., Inoue, Y.: Thermoluminescence studies on the mechanism of photon protection.-In: Mathis, P. (ed.): Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Vol. I. Pp. 359-362. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London 1995. Go to original source...
    25. Höfer, M., Walter, G., Meister, A., Hoffmann, P.: Pigment accumulation and energy flow between carotenoids and chlorophyll during greening of etiolated wheat seedlings under continuous and intermittent irradiation. 2. Accessory and dissipative energy migration.-Photosynthetica 21: 131-140, 1987.
    26. Homann, P.H.: The chloride and calcium requirement of photosynthetic water oxidation: effects of pH.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 934: 1-13, 1988. Go to original source...
    27. Horton, P., Ruban, A.V.: ΔpH-dependent quenching of the F0 level of chlorophyll fluorescence in spinach leaves.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1142: 203-206, 1992. Go to original source...
    28. Horton, P., Ruban, A.V.: The role of light-harvesting complex II in energy quenching.-In: Baker, N.R., Bowyer, J.R. (ed.): Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis-from Molecular Mechanisms to the Field. Pp. 111-128. Bios Scientific Publ., Oxford 1994.
    29. Horton, P., Ruban, A.V., Rees, D., Pascal, A.A., Noctor, G., Young, A.J.: Control of the light-harvesting function of chloroplast membranes by aggregation of the LHCH chlorophyll-protein complex.-FEBS Lett. 292: 1-4, 1991. Go to original source...
    30. Horton, P., Ruban, A.V., Walters, R.G.: ΔpH-dependent control of chloroplast light harvesting by binding of DCCD to LHCH.-In: Mathis, P. (ed.): Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Vol. I. Pp. 311-314. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London 1992.
    31. Horton, P., Ruban, A.V., Walters, R.G.: Regulation of light harvesting in green plants. Indication by nonphotochhemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence.-Plant Physiol. 106: 415-420, 1994. Go to original source...
    32. Hudson, B.S., Kohler, B.E., Schulten, K.: Linear polyene electronic structure and potential surfaces.-In: Lim, E.C. (ed.): Excited States. Vol. 6. Pp. 1-95. Academic Press, New York 1982. Go to original source...
    33. Jahns, P., Junge, W.: Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding proteins related to the short circuit of the proton-pumping activity of photosystem II. Identified as light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins.-Eur. J. Biochem. 193: 731-736, 1990. Go to original source...
    34. Jahns, P., Junge, W.: Another role of chlorophyll a/b binding proteins of higher plants: They modulate protolytic reactions associated with photosystem II.-Photochem. Photobiol. 57: 120-124, 1993. Go to original source...
    35. Jansson, S., Pichersky, E., Bassi, R., Green, B.R., Ikeuchi, M., Mclis, A., Simpson, D.J., Spangfort, M., Stachelin, L.A., Thornber, J.P.: A nomenclature for the genes encoding the chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins of higher plants.-Plant mol. Biol. Rep. 10: 242-253, 1992. Go to original source...
    36. Jensen, N.-H., Nielsen, A.B., Wilbrandt, R.: Chlorophyll a sensitised trans-cis photoimerization of all-trans β-carotene.-J. amer. chem. Soc. 104: 6117-6119, 1982. Go to original source...
    37. Johnson, G.N., Rutherford, A.W., Krieger, A.: A change in the midpoint potential of quinone QA in Photosystem II associated with photoactivation of oxygen evolution.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1229: 202-207, 1995. Go to original source...
    38. Krause, H.G., Laasch, H., Weis, E.: Regulation of thermal dissipation of absorbed light energy in chloroplasts indicated by energy-dependent fluorescence quenching.-Plant Physiol. Biochem. 26: 445-452, 1988.
    39. Krieger, A., Moya, I., Weis, E.: Energy-dependent quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence: effect of pH on stationary fluorescence and picosecond-relaxation kinetics in thylakoid membranes and Photosystem II preparations.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1102: 167-176, 1992. Go to original source...
    40. Krieger, A., Rutherford, A.W., Johnson, G.N.: On the determination of redox midpoint potential of the primary quinone electron acceptor, QA, in Photosystem II.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1229: 193-201, 1995. Go to original source...
    41. Krieger, A., Weis, E.: Energy-dependent quenching of chlorophyll-a-fluorescence: The involvement of proton-calcium exchange at photosystem 2.-Photosynthetica 27: 89-98, 1992.
    42. Krieger, A., Weis, E.: The role of calcium in the pH-dependent control of Photosystem II.-Photosynth. Res. 37: 117-130, 1993. Go to original source...
    43. Krieger, A., Weis, E., Demeter, S.: Low-pH-induced Ca2+ ion release in the water-splitting system is accompanied by a shift in the midpoint redox potential of the primary quinone acceptor QA.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1144: 411-418, 1993. Go to original source...
    44. Lambert, C., Redmond, R.W.: Triplet energy level of β-carotene.-Chem. Phys. Lett. 228: 495-498, 1994. Go to original source...
    45. Lichtenthaler, H.K., Burkart, S., Schindler, C., Stober, F.: Changes in photosynthetic pigments and in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under photoinhibitory growth conditions.-Photosynthetica 27: 343-353, 1992.
    46. Lichtenthaler, H.K., Schindler, C.: Studies on the photoprotective function of zeaxanthin at high-light conditions.-In: Murata, N. (ed.): Research in Photosynthesis. Vol. IV. Pp. 517-520. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London 1992.
    47. Lidon, F.C., Henriques, F.S.: Oxygen metabolism in higher plant chloroplasts.-Photosynthetica 29: 249-279, 1993.
    48. Liu, B., Napiwotzki, A., Eckert, H.-J., Eichler, H.J., Renger, G.: Studies on the recombination kinctics of the radical pair P680+Phco- in isolated PS II core complexes from spinach.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1142: 129-138, 1993. Go to original source...
    49. Mathis, P., Satoh, K., Hasson, Ö.: Kinetic evidence for the function of Z in isolated photosystem II reaction centers.-FEBS Lett. 251: 241-244, 1989. Go to original source...
    50. McNamara, V.P., Gounaris, K.: Granal photosystem II complex contains only the high redox potential form of cytochrome b-559 which is stabilised by ligation of calcium.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1231: 289-296, 1995. Go to original source...
    51. Miller, A.-F., Brudvig, G.W.: A guide to electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of Photosystem II membranes.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1056: 1-18, 1991. Go to original source...
    52. Mizusawa, N., Ebina, M., Yamashita, T.: Restoration of high potential form of cytochrome b-559 through the photoreactivation of Tris-inactivated oxygen-evolving centre.-Photosynth. Res. 45: 71-77, 1995. Go to original source...
    53. Mullincaux, C.W., Ruban, A.V., Horton, P.: Prompt heat release associated with ΔpH-dependent quenching in spinach thylakoid membranes.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1185: 119-123, 1994. Go to original source...
    54. Naqvi, K.R.: The mechanism of singlet-singlet excitation energy transfer from carotenoid to chlorophyll.-Photochem. Photobiol. 31: 523-524, 1980. Go to original source...
    55. Nechushtai, R., Thornber, J.P., Patterson, L.K., Fessenden, R.W., Levanon, H.: Photosensitization of triplet carotenoid in photosynthetic light-harvesting complex of photosystem II.-J. phys. Chem. 92: 1165-1168, 1988. Go to original source...
    56. Nedbal, L., Samson, G., Whitmarsh, J.: Redox state of a one-electron component controls the rate of photoinhibition of photosystems II.-Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 7929-7933, 1992. Go to original source...
    57. Noctor, G., Rees, D., Young, A., Horton, P.: The relationship between zeaxanthin, energy-dependent quenching of chlorophyll flaorescence, and trans-thylakoid pH gradient in isolated chloroplasts.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1057: 320-330, 1991. Go to original source...
    58. Noctor, G., Ruban, A.V., Horton, P.: Medulation of ΔpH-dependent nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in spinach chloroplasts.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1183: 339-344, 1993. Go to original source...
    59. Noguchi, T., Inoue, Y., Satoh, K.: FT-IR studies on the triplet state of P680 in the photosystem II reaction center: Triplet equilibrium within a chlorophyll dimer.-Biochemistry 32: 7186-7195, 1993. Go to original source...
    60. Ono, T., Inoue, Y.: Discrete extraction of the Ca atom functional for O2 evolution in higher plant photosystem II by a simple low pH treatment.-FEBS Lett. 227: 147-152, 1988. Go to original source...
    61. Ono, T., Inoue, Y.: Removal of Ca by pH 3.0 treatment inhibits S2 to S3 transition in photosynthetic oxygen evolution system.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 973: 443-449, 1989. Go to original source...
    62. Ono, T., Inoue, Y.: Abnormal redox reactions in photosynthetic O2-evolving centres in NaCl/EDTA-washed PSH. A dark stable EPR multiline signal and an unknown positive charge accumulator.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1020: 269-277, 1990. Go to original source...
    63. Owens, T.G.: Excitation energy transfer between chlorophylls and carotenoids. A proposed molecular mechanism for non-photochemical quenching-In: Baker, N.R., Bowyer, J.R. (ed.). Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis - from Molecular Mechanisms to the Field. Pp. 111-128 Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford 1994.
    64. Owens, T.G., Shreve, A.P., Albrecht, A.C.: Dynamics and mechanism of singlet energy transfer between carotenoids and chlorophylls: Light harvesting and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching.-In: Murata, N. (ed.): Research in Photosynthesis. Vol. 1 Pp 179-186 Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht-Boston-London 1992.
    65. Papagcorgiou, G.: Chlorophyll fluorescence: An intrinstic probe of photosynthesis.-In: Govindjee (ed) Bioenergetics of Photosynthesis. Pp. 319-375. Academic Press, New York 1975. Go to original source...
    66. Pascal, A.A., Ruban, A.V., Young, A.J., Horton, P.: The effect of pH on LHCII.-In: Mathis, P. (ed.): Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Vol. I. Pp. 247-250. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London 1995. Go to original source...
    67. Peter, G.F., Thornber, J.P.: Biochemical composition and organization of higher plant photosystem II light-harvesting pigment proteins.-J. biol. Chem. 266: 16745-16754, 1991. Go to original source...
    68. Prasil, O., Kolber, Z., Berry, J.A., Falkowski, P.G.: Cyclic electron flow around Photosystem II in vivo.-Photosynth. Res. 48: 395-410, 1996. Go to original source...
    69. Ramm, D., Hansen, U.P.: Can charge recombination as caused by pH-dependent donor-side limitation in PS 2 account for high-energy state quenching?-Photosynth. Res. 35: 97-100, 1993. Go to original source...
    70. Ruban, A.V., Horton, P.: Mechanism of ΔpH-dependent dissipation of absorbed excitation energy by photosynthetic membranes. I. Spectroscopic analysis of isolated light-harvesting complexes.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1102: 30-38, 1992. Go to original source...
    71. Ruban, A.V., Horton, P.: Spectroscopy of non-photochemical and photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves: evidence for role of the light harvesting complex of Photosystem II in the regulation of energy dissipation.-Photosynth. Res. 40: 181-190, 1994. Go to original source...
    72. Ruban, A.V., Horton, P.: An investigation of the sustained component of nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in isolated chloroplast and leaves of spinach. Plant Physiol. 108: 721-726, 1995a. Go to original source...
    73. Ruban, A.V., Horton, P.: Regulation of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophy II fluorescence in plants.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 22: 221-30, 1995b. Go to original source...
    74. Ruban, A.V., Horton, P., Young, A.J.: Aggregation of higher plant xanthophylls: differences in absorption spectra and in the dependency on solvent polarity.-J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 21: 229-234, 1993. Go to original source...
    75. Ruban, A.V., Rees, D., Pascal, A.A., Horton, P.: Mechanism of ΔpH-dependent dissipation of absorbed excitation energy by photosynthetic membranes. II. The relationship between LHCII aggregation in vitro and qE in isolated thylakoids.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1102: 39-44, 1992a Go to original source...
    76. Ruban A.V., Walters R.G., Horton, P.: The molecular mechanism of the control of excitation energy dissipation in chloroplast membranes. Inhibition of ΔpH-dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.-FEBS Lett. 39: 175-179, 1992b. Go to original source...
    77. Ruban, A.V., Young, A.J., Horton, P.: Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in the minor chlorophyll a:b binding protein of photosystem II.-In: Mathis, P. (ed.): Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Vol. 1. Pp. 295-298. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht-Boston-London 1995. Go to original source...
    78. Satoh, K., Hansson, Ö., Mathis, P.: Charge recombination between stabilized P-680 and reduced cytochrome b-559 in quinone-reconstituted PS II reaction center.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1016: 121-126, 1990. Go to original source...
    79. Schatz, G.H., Brock, H., Holtzwarth, A.R.: Kinetic and energetic model for the primary processes in photosystem II.-Biophys. J. 54: 397-405, 1988. Go to original source...
    80. Schindler, C., Lichtenthaler, H.K.: Is there correlation between light-induceed zeaxanthin accumulation and quenching of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence-Plant Physiol. Biochem. 32: 813-823, 1994.
    81. Schindler, C., Lichtenthaler, H.K.: Photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll fluorescence and zeaxanthin accumulation in field-grown maple trees in the course of a sunny and a cloudy day.-J. Plant Physiol. 148: 399-412, 1996. Go to original source...
    82. Schlodder, F., Meyer, B.: pH dependence of oxygen evolution and reduction kinetics of photooxidized chlorophyll a II (P-680) in Photosystem II particles from Synechococcus sp.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 890: 23-31, 1987. Go to original source...
    83. Schreiber, L., Neubauer, C.: The polyphasic rise of chlorophyll fluorescence upon onset of strong continuous illumination: II. Partial control by the photosystems II donor side and possible ways of interpretation.-Z. Naturforsch. 42c: 1255-1264, 1987. Go to original source...
    84. Schreiber, U., Neubauer, C.: Correlation between dissipative fluorescence quenching at photosystem II and 50 ms recombination luminescence.-FEBS Lett. 258: 339-342, 1989. Go to original source...
    85. Schreiber, U., Neubauer, C.: O2-dependent electron flow, membrane energization and the mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence.-Photosynth. Res. 25: 279-293, 1990. Go to original source...
    86. Searle, G., Brody, S.S., van Hoek, A.: Evidence for the formation of a chlorophyll a/zeaxanthin complex in lecithin liposomes from fluorescence decay kinetics.-Photochem. Photobiol. 52: 401-407, 1990. Go to original source...
    87. Shreve, A.P., Trautman, J.K., Owens, T.G., Albrecht, A.C.: A femtosecond study of electronic state dynamics of fucoxanthin and implication for photosynthetic carotenoid-to-chlorophyll energy transfer mechanisms.-Chem. Phys. 154: 171-178, 1991. Go to original source...
    88. Takahashi, Y., Hansson, Ö., Mathis, P., Satoh, K.: Primary radical pair in the photosystem II reaction centre.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 893: 49-59, 1987. Go to original source...
    89. Takahashi, Y., Satoh, K., Itoh, S.: Silicomolybdate substitutes for the function of a primary electron acceptor and stabilizes charge separation in the photosystem II reaction center complex.-FEBS Lett. 255: 133-138, 1989. Go to original source...
    90. Tamura, N., Iwasaki, I., Shibano, S., Oka, I., Okayama, S.: Evidence on the specific interaction between manganese and cyt b-559 on the PS II oxidising side.-In: Mathis, P. (ed.): Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Vol. II. Pp. 337-340. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London 1995. Go to original source...
    91. Telfer, A., Dhami, S., Bishop, S.M., Phillips, D., Barber, J.: β-Carotene quenches singlet oxygen formed by isolated Photosystem II reaction centres.-Biochemistry 33: 14469-14474, 1994. Go to original source...
    92. Thompson, L.K., Brudvig, G.W.: Cytochrome b-559 may function to protect photosystem II from photoinhibition.-Biochemistry 27: 6653-6658, 1988. Go to original source...
    93. Trash, R.J., Fang, H.L.B., Leroi, G.E.: On the role of forbidden low-lying excited state of light-harvesting carotonoids in energy transfer in photosynthesis.-Photochem. Photobiol. 29: 1049-1050, 1979. Go to original source...
    94. van Mieghem, F., Brettel, K., Hillmann, B., Kamlowski, A., Rutherford, W.A., Schlodder, E.: Change recombination reactions in Photosystem II. 1. Yields, recombination pathways and kinetics of primary pair.-Biochemistry 34: 4798-4813, 1995. Go to original source...
    95. Vass, I., Styring, S.: Spectroscopic characterization of triplet forming states in photosystem II.-Biochemistry 31: 5957-5963, 1992. Go to original source...
    96. Walters, R.G., Horton, P.: DCCD binds to lumen-exposed glutamate residues in LHCIIc, Implications for the mechanism of photoprotective energy dissipation.-In: Mathis, P. (ed.): Photosynthesis from Light to Biosphere. Vol. I. Pp. 299-302. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London 1995. Go to original source...
    97. Walters, R.G., Ruban, A.V., Horton, P.: Higher plant light-harvesting complexes LHCIIa and LHCIIc are bound by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide during inhibition of energy dissipation.-Eur. J. Biochem. 226: 1063-1069, 1994. Go to original source...
    98. Yocum, C.F.: Calcium activation of photosynthetic water oxidation. Biochim. biophys. Acta 1059: 1-15, 1991. Go to original source...

    Return to the content