Photosynthetica 2001, 39(3):339-352 | DOI: 10.1023/A:1020292623960

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism 1975-2000, a Check List

O.H. Sayed1
1 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Minia, Minia, Egypt

A list of plant species documented over the past 25 years to exhibit Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) is presented. The list compiles all available information on these species including their growth habits, succulent parts, carbon isotope discrimination values, CAM types, CAM inducers, and CAM modifications.

Additional key words: angiosperms; CAM inducers; CAM modifications; CAM types; carbon discrimination; ferns; gymnospersm; habitat; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

Published: September 1, 2001  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Sayed, O.H. (2001). Crassulacean Acid Metabolism 1975-2000, a Check List. Photosynthetica, 39(3), 339-352. doi: 10.1023/A:1020292623960
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Acevedo, E., Badilla, I., Nobel, P.S.: Water relations, diurnal activity changes and productivity of a cultivated cactus, Opuntia ficus-indica.-Plant Physiol. 72: 775-780, 1983. Go to original source...
    2. Adams, W.W., III: Photosynthetic acclimation and photoinhibition of terrestrial and epiphytic CAM tissues growing in full sunlight and deep shade.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 15: 123-134, 1988. Go to original source...
    3. Balsamo, R.A., Uribe, E.G.: Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of the crassulacean acid metabolism plant Kalanchoë daigremontiana.-Planta 173: 123-189, 1975. Go to original source...
    4. Barcikowski, W., Nobel, P.S.: Water relations of cacti during desiccation: Distribution of water in tissues.-Bot. Gaz. 145: 110-115, 1986. Go to original source...
    5. Barkla, B.J., Pantoja, O.: Physiology of ion transport across the tonoplast of higher plants.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 47: 159-184, 1996. Go to original source...
    6. Bartholomew, B.: Drought response in gas exchange of Dudleya farinosa (Crassulaceae) grown under natural conditions.-Photosynthetica 7: 114-120, 1973.
    7. Bender, M.M., Rouhani, I., Vines, H.M., Black, C.C., Jr.: 13C/12C ratio changes in crassulacean acid metabolism plants.-Plant Physiol. 52: 427-430, 1973. Go to original source...
    8. Black, C.C., Chen, J.Q., Doong, R.L., Angelov, M.N., Sung, S.J.S.: Alternative carbohydrate reserves in the daily cycle of crassulacean acid metabolism.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 31-45. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    9. Bonner, W., Bonner, J.: The role of carbon dioxide in acid formation by succulent plants.-Amer. J. Bot. 35: 113-136, 1948. Go to original source...
    10. Borland, A.M., Griffiths, H.: The regulation of citric acid and carbon recycling during CAM in Ananas comosus.-J. exp. Bot. 43: 53-60, 1989. Go to original source...
    11. Bruinsma, J.: Studies on the crassulacean acid metabolism.-Acta bot. neerl. 7: 531-588, 1958. Go to original source...
    12. Brulfert, J., Güclü, S., Kluge, M.: Effects of abrupt or progressive drought on the photosynthetic mode of Crassula sieberiana cultivated under different day lengths.-J. Plant Physiol. 138: 685-690, 1991. Go to original source...
    13. Brulfert, J., Kluge, M., Güçlü, S., Queiroz, O.: Combined effects of drought, daylength, and photoperiod on rapid shifts in the photosynthetic pathway of Sedum spectabile, a CAM species.-Plant Physiol. Biochem. 26: 7-16, 1988.
    14. Carter, P.J., Fewson, C.A., Nimmo, G.A., Wilkins, M.B.: Roles of circadian rhythms, light and temperature in the regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in crassulacean acid metabolism.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 46-52. Springer, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    15. Chellappan, K.P., Seeni, S., Gnanam, A.: Photosynthetic studies with mesophyll protoplasts from Notonia grandiflora, a crassulacean acid metabolism plant.-Physiol. Plant. 48: 403-410, 1980. Go to original source...
    16. Cockburn, W.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in Lithops insularis, a non-halophytic member of Mesembryanthemaceae.-Planta 118: 89-90, 1974. Go to original source...
    17. Cushman, J.C., Bohnert, H.J.: Transpirational activation of CAM genes during development and environmental stress.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 135-158. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    18. Daniel, P.P., Bryant, J.A., Woodward, F.I.: PEPc from pennywort (Umbilicus rupestris). Changes in properties after exposure to water stress.-Biochem. J. 218: 387-393, 1984. Go to original source...
    19. De Luca, P., Alfani, A., De Santo, V.A.: CAM, transpiration, and adaptive mechanisms to xeric environments in the succulent Cucurbitaceae.-Bot. Gaz. 138: 474-478, 1977. Go to original source...
    20. Denius, H.R., Jr., Homann, P.H.: The relationship between photosynthesis, respiration, and crassulacean acid metabolism in leaf slices of Aloe arborescens Mill.-Plant Physiol. 49: 873-880, 1972. Go to original source...
    21. De Santo, A.V., Bartoli, G.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in leaves and stems of Cissus quadrangularis.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 216-229. Springer, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    22. Didden-Zopfy, B., Nobel, P.S.: Heat tolerance and heat acclimation of Opuntia bigelovii.-Oecologia 52: 176-180, 1982. Go to original source...
    23. Dietz, K.J., Arbinger, B.: cDNA sequence and expression of subunit E of the vacuolar H+-ATPase in the inducible crassulacean acid metabolism plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.-Biomembranes 1281: 134-138, 1996. Go to original source...
    24. Dinger, B.E., Patten, D.T.: Carbon dioxide exchange and transpiration in species of Echinocereus (Cactaceae), as related to their distribution within the Pinaleno Mountains, Arizona.-Oecologia 14: 389-411, 1974. Go to original source...
    25. Earnshaw, M.J., Carver, K.A., Charlton, W.A.: Leaf anatomy, water relations, and crassulacean acid metabolism in the chlorenchyma and colourless internal water storing tissues of Carpobrotus edulis and Senecio mandraliscae.-Planta 170: 421-432, 1987a. Go to original source...
    26. Earnshaw, M.J., Carver, K.A., Lee, J.A.: Changes in leaf water potential and CAM in Sempervivum montanum and Sedum album in response to water availability in the field.-Oecologia 67: 486-492, 1985. Go to original source...
    27. Earnshaw, M.J., Winter, K., Ziegler, H., Stichler, W., Crutwell, N.E.G., Kerenga, K., Gribb, P.J., Croft, J.R., Carver, K.A., Gunn, T.C.: Altitudinal changes in the incidence of crassulacean acid metabolism.-Oecologia 73: 566-572, 1987b. Go to original source...
    28. Eastmond, P.J., Ross, J.D.: Evidence that the induction of crassulacean acid metabolism by water stress in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (L.) involves root signaling.-Plant Cell Environ. 20: 1559-1565, 1999. Go to original source...
    29. Edwards, G., Walker, D.A.: C3, C4: Mechanisms and Cellular and Environmental Regulation of Photosynthesis.-Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford 1983.
    30. Edwards, G.E., Dai, Z., Cheng, S.H., Ku, M.S.B.: Factors affecting the induction of crassulacean acid metabolism in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 119-134. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    31. Ehleringer, J.R., Osmond, C.B.: Stable isotopes.-In: Pearcy, R.W., Ehleringer, J.R., Mooney, H.A., Rundel, P.W. (ed.): Plant Physiological Ecology. Pp. 281-300. Chapman & Hall, London 1994. Go to original source...
    32. Fernández, M.D., Pieters, A., Azkue, M., Rengifo, E., Tezara, W., Woodward, F.I., Herrera, A.: Photosynthesis in plants of four tropical species growing under elevated CO2.-Photosynthetica 37: 587-599, 1999. Go to original source...
    33. Fetene, M., Lee, H.S., Jr., Lüttge, U.: Photosynthetic acclimation in a terrestrial CAM bromeliad, Bromelia humilis Jacq.-New Phytol. 114: 399-406, 1990. Go to original source...
    34. Fu, C.F., Hew, C.S.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in orchids under water stress.-Bot. Gaz. 143: 294-297, 1982. Go to original source...
    35. Gaur, Y.D.: Preliminary studies on titratable acidity in xerophytic plants.-Experientia 24: 239-240, 1968. Go to original source...
    36. Gerwick, B.C., Williams, G.J., III: Temperature and water relations of gas exchange of Opuntia polycantha.-Oecologia 35: 149-159, 1978. Go to original source...
    37. Griffiths, H.: Crassulacean acid metabolism: re-appraisal of physiological plasticity in form and function.-Adv. bot. Res. 15: 43-92, 1988. Go to original source...
    38. Griffiths, H.: Carbon isotope discrimination.-In: Hall, D.O., Scurlock, J.M.O., Bolhàr-Nordenkampf, H.R., Leegood, R.C., Long, S.P. (ed.): Photosynthesis and Production in a Changing Environment. A Field and Laboratory Manual. Pp. 181-192. Chapman & Hall, London-Glasgow-New York-Tokyo-Melbourne 1993.
    39. Griffiths, H., Lüttge, U., Stimmel, K.-H., Crook, C.E., Griffiths, N.M., Smith, J.A.C.: Comparative ecophysiology of CAM and C3 bromeliads. III. Environmental influences on CO2 assimilation and transpiration.-Plant Cell Environ. 9: 385-393, 1986. Go to original source...
    40. Griffiths, H., Ong, B.L., Avadhani, P.N., Goh, C.J.: Recycling of respiratory CO2 during Crassulacean acid metabolism: alleviation of photoinhibtion in Pyrrosia piloselloides.-Planta 179: 115-122, 1989. Go to original source...
    41. Griffiths, H., Smith, J.A.C.: Photosynthetic pathways in the Bromeliaceae of Trinidad: relations between life-forms, habitat performance and the occurrence of CAM.-Oecologia 60: 176-184, 1983. Go to original source...
    42. Guralnick, L.J., Strand, D.: Induction of crassulacean acid metabolism with gibberellic acid in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.-Plant Physiol. Suppl. S 111: 368-368, 1996.
    43. Guralnick, L.J., Ting, I.P.: Physiological changes in Portulacaria afra (L.) Jacq. during a summer drought and rewatering.-Plant Physiol. 85: 481-486, 1987. Go to original source...
    44. Gurevitch, J., Teeri, J.A., Wood, A.M.: Differentiation among populations in Sedum wrightii (Crassulaceae) in response to limited water availability: water relations, CO2 assimilation, growth and survivorship.-Oecologia 70: 198-204, 1986. Go to original source...
    45. Haag-Kerver, A., Franco, A.C., Lüttge, U.: The effect of temperature and light on gas exchange and acid accumulation in the C3-CAM plant Clusia minor L.-J. exp. Bot. 43: 345-352, 1992. Go to original source...
    46. Herppich, W.B., Herppich, M., Willert, D.J. von: Ecophysiological investigations on plants of the genus Plectranthus (Lamiaceae). Influence of environment and leaf age on CAM, gas exchange and leaf water relations in Plectranthus marrubioides Benth.-Flora 193: 99-109, 1998. Go to original source...
    47. Herppich, W.B., Peckmann, K.: Influence of mitochondrial activity, photosynthesis, nocturnal acid accumulation and water relations in the CAM plants Prenia sladeniana (ME-type) and Crassula lycopoidoides (PEPCK-type).-Ann. Bot. 86: 611-620, 2000. Go to original source...
    48. Holtum, J.A.M., Winter, K.: Degrees of crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical epiphytes and lithophytic ferns.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 26: 749-757, 1999. Go to original source...
    49. Jones, M.R.: The effect of leaf age on leaf respiration and CO2 exchange of the CAM plant Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi.-Planta 123: 91-96, 1975. Go to original source...
    50. Kausch, W.: Beziehungen zwischen Wurzelwachstum, Transpiration und CO2-Gaswechsel bei einigen Kakteen.-Planta 66: 229-238, 1965. Go to original source...
    51. Keeley, J.E.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in submerged aquatic plants.-In: Ting, I.P., Gibbs, M. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Pp. 303-304. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville 1982.
    52. Keeley, J.E.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in the seasonally submerged aquatic Isoetes howellii.-Oecologia 58: 57-62, 1983. Go to original source...
    53. Keeley, J.E.: Aquatic CAM photosynthesis.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology, and Evolution. Pp. 281-295. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg 1996. Go to original source...
    54. Keeley, J.E., Morton, B., Babcock, B., Castillo, P., Fish, B., Jerauld, E., Johnson, B., Landre, L., Lum, H., Miller, C., Parker, A., van Steenwyk, G.: Dark CO2 fixation and diurnal malic acid fluctuations in the submerged aquatic Isoetes storkii.-Oecologia 48: 332-333, 1981. Go to original source...
    55. Keeley, J.E., Walker, C.M., Mathews, R.P.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in Isoetes bolanderi in high elevation oligotrophic lakes.-Oecologia 58: 63-69, 1983. Go to original source...
    56. Kluge, M.: Is Sedum acre L. a CAM plant?-Oecologia 29: 77-83, 1977. Go to original source...
    57. Kluge, M.: Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: recent biochemical, physiological and ecological aspects.-G. bot. ital. 121: 179-190, 1987.
    58. Kluge, M., Brulfert, J.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in the genus Kalanchoë: Evolution, physiological and biochemical aspects.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology, and Evolution. Pp. 324-335. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    59. Kluge, M., Osmond, C.B.: Studies on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and other enzymes of Crassulacean acid metabolism of Bryophyllum tubiflorum and Sedum praeltum.-Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 66: 97-105, 1972. Go to original source...
    60. Kluge, M., Schomburg, M.: The tonoplast as a target of temperature effects in crassulacean acid metabolism.-In: Winter. K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 72-77. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    61. Kluge, M., Ting, I.P.: Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Analysis of an Ecological Adaptation.-Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1978. Go to original source...
    62. Knauff, R.L., Arditti, J.: Partial identification of dark 14CO2 products in Cattleya (Orchidaceae).-New Phytol. 68: 657-661, 1969. Go to original source...
    63. Koch, K.E., Kennedy, R.A.: Effect of seasonal changes in the mid-west on crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Opuntia humifusa Raf.-Oecologia 45: 390-395, 1980. Go to original source...
    64. Koch, K.E., Kennedy, R.A.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in the succulent C4 dicot Portulaca oleraceae L. under natural environmental conditions.-Plant Physiol. 69: 757-761, 1982. Go to original source...
    65. Kockburn, W., Goh, C.J., Avadhani, P.N.: Photosynthetic carbon assimilation in a shootless orchid Chiloschista usneoides (Don) LDL.-Plant Physiol. 77: 83-86, 1985. Go to original source...
    66. Kowalczyk, S., Januszewska, B., Cymerska, E., Moslowski, P.: The occurrence of inorganic pyrophosphate, D-fructose-6-phosphate 1, phosphotransferase in higher plants. I. Initial characterization of partialy purified enzyme from Sansevieria trifasciata.-Physiol. Plant. 60: 31-37, 1984. Go to original source...
    67. Krisch, R., Rakowski, K., Ratajczak, R.: Processing of V-ATP-ase subunit B of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. in vitro by a protease and/or reactive oxygen species.-Biol. Chem. 381: 583-592, 2000. Go to original source...
    68. Lange, O.L., Schulze, E.-D., Kappen, L., Evenari, M., Buschbom, U.: CO2 exchange pattern under natural conditions of Caralluma negevensis, a CAM plant of the Negev desert.-Photosynthetica 9: 318-326, 1975.
    69. Lange, O.L., Zuber, M.: Frerea indica, stem succulent CAM plant with deciduous C3 leaves.-Oecologia 31: 67-72, 1977. Go to original source...
    70. Lee, H.S.J., Griffiths, H.: Induction and repression of CAM in Sedum telephium L. in response to photoperiod and water stress.-J. exp. Bot. 38: 834-841, 1987. Go to original source...
    71. Leegood, R.C.: Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms.-In: Lea, P.J., Leegood, R.C. (ed.): Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Pp. 47-72. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto-Singapore 1993.
    72. Leegood, R.C., Osmond, C.B.: The flux of metabolites in C4 and CAM plants.-In: Dennis, D.J., Turpin, D.H. (ed.): Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Pp. 274-298. Longman, Harlow 1990.
    73. Lerman, J.C.: How to interpret variations in the carbon isotope ratio of plants. Biological and environmental effects.-In: Marcelle, R. (ed.): Environmental and Biological Control of Photosynthesis. Pp. 323-335. Dr W. Junk Publ., The Hague 1975. Go to original source...
    74. Lüttge, U.: Clusia: Plasticity and diversity in a genus of C3/CAM intermediate tropical trees.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology, and Evolution. Pp. 296-311. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    75. Lüttge, U.: The tonoplast functioning as the master switch for circadian regulation of crassulacean acid metabolism.-Planta 211: 761-769, 2000. Go to original source...
    76. Lüttge, U., Ball, E.: Water relation parameters of the CAM plant Kalanchoë daigremontiana in relation to diurnal malate oscillations.-Oecologia 31: 85-94, 1977. Go to original source...
    77. Lüttge, U., Ball, E.: Dark respiration of CAM plants.-Plant Physiol. Biochem. 25: 3-10, 1987.
    78. Lüttge, U., Ball, E., Fetene, M., Medina, E.: Flexibility of crassulacean acid metabolism in Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. I. Response to irradiance and supply of nitrogen and water.-J. Plant Physiol. 137: 259-267, 1991. Go to original source...
    79. Lüttge, U., Ball, E., Kluge, M., Ong, B.L.: Photosynthetic light requirements of various tropical vascular epiphytes.-Physiol. vég. 24: 315-331, 1986.
    80. Lyndon, R.A.: Nitrogen metabolism of detached Kalanchoë leaves in the dark in relation to acidification, deacidification and O2 uptake.-J. exp. Bot. 13: 20-35, 1962. Go to original source...
    81. Malda, G., Backhause, R.A., Martin, C.: Alteration in growth and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) activity of in vitro cultured cactus.-Plant Cell Tiss. Organ. 58: 1-9, 1999. Go to original source...
    82. Martin, C.E.: Putative causes and consequences of recycling CO2 via crassulacean acid metabolism.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 192-203. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    83. Martin, C.E., Higley, M., Wang, W.-Z.: Recycling of CO2 via Crassulacean acid metabolism in the rock outcrop succulent Sedum pulchellum Michx. (Crassulaceae).-Photosynth. Res. 18: 337-343, 1988. Go to original source...
    84. Martin, C.E., Zee, A.K.: C3 photosynthesis and Crassulacean acid metabolism in a Kansas rock outcrop succulent, Talinum calycinum Engelm. (Portulacaceae).-Plant Physiol. 73: 718-723, 1983. Go to original source...
    85. Mazen, A.M.A.: Changes in properties of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase with induction of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) in the C4 plant Portulaca oleracea.-Photosynthetica 38: 385-391, 2000. Go to original source...
    86. McWilliams, E.L.: Comparative rates of dark CO2 uptake and acidification in Bromeliaceae, Orchidaceae and Euphorbiaceae.-Bot. Gaz. 131: 285-290, 1970. Go to original source...
    87. Medina, E., Delgado, M.: Photosynthesis and night CO2 fixation in Echeveria columbiana v. Poellnitz.-Photosynthetica 10: 155-163, 1976.
    88. Meinzer, F.C., Rundel, P.W.: Crassulacean acid metabolism and water use efficiency in Echeveria pumila.-Photosynthetica 7: 358-364, 1973.
    89. Milburn, T.R., Pearson, D.J., Ndegwe, N.: Crassulacean acid metabolism under natural conditions.-New Phytol. 67: 883-897, 1968. Go to original source...
    90. Mooney, H.A., Troughton, J.H., Berry, J.A.: Arid climates and photosynthetic systems.-Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook 73: 793-805, 1974.
    91. Mooney, H.A., Troughton, J.H., Berry, J.A.: Carbon isotope ratio measurements of succulent plants in southern Africa.-Oecologia 30: 295-304, 1977. Go to original source...
    92. Moster, R.W.P.: Organic acid and carbohydrate metabolism in Nopalea cochinelifera.-Experientia 15: 30-31, 1959. Go to original source...
    93. Mukerji, S.: Four-hourly variations in the activities of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylation) and phosphopyruvate carboxylase in the cactus (Nopalea dejecta) plant.-Indian J. Biochem. 5: 62-64, 1968.
    94. Neales, T.F.: The effect of night temperature on CO2 assimilation, transpiration, and water use efficiency in Agave americana L.-Aust. J. biol. Sci. 26: 705-714, 1973. Go to original source...
    95. Neales, T.F., Patterson, A.A., Hartney, V.J.: Physiological adaptation to drought in the carbon assimilation and water loss of xerophytes.-Nature 219: 469-472, 1968. Go to original source...
    96. Nimmo, H.G.: The regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in CAM plants.-Trends Plant Sci. 5: 75-80, 2000. Go to original source...
    97. Nishida, K.: Studies on stomatal movement of plants in relation to the acid assimilation.-Physiol. Plant. 16: 281-298, 1963. Go to original source...
    98. Nobel, P.S.: Water relations and photosynthesis of a desert CAM plant, Agave deserti.-Plant Physiol. 58: 576-582, 1976. Go to original source...
    99. Nobel, P.S.: Water relations and photosynthesis of a barrel cactus, Ferocactus acanthodes, in the Colorado desert.-Oecologia 27: 117-133, 1977. Go to original source...
    100. Nobel, P.S.: Interception of photosynthetically active radiation by cacti of different morphology.-Oecologia 45: 160-165, 1980. Go to original source...
    101. Nobel, P.S.: Environmental Biology of Agaves and Cacti.-Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York-New Rochelle-Melbourne-Sydney 1988.
    102. Nobel, P.S.: High productivity of certain agronomic CAM species.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 225-265. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    103. Nobel, P.S., Garcia-Moya, E., Quero, E.: High annual productivity of certain agaves and cacti under cultivation.-Plant Cell Environ. 15: 329-335, 1992. Go to original source...
    104. Nobel, P.S., Lüttge, U., Heuer, S., Ball, E.: Influence of applied NaCl on crassulacean acid metabolism and ionic levels in a cactus, Cereus validus.-Plant Physiol. 75: 799-803, 1994. Go to original source...
    105. Nobel, P.S., North, G.B.: Features of roots of CAM plants.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology, and Evolution. Pp. 226-279. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    106. Nobel, P.S., Quero, E., Linares, H.: Root versus shoot biomass responses to water, nitrogen, and phosphorus application for Agave lechuguila.-Bot. Gaz. 150: 411-416, 1989. Go to original source...
    107. Nobel, P.S., Zaragoza, L.J., Smith, W.K.: Relation between mesophyll surface area, photosynthetic rate, and illumination level during development for leaves of Plectranthus parviflorus Henckel.-Plant Physiol. 55: 1067-1070, 1975. Go to original source...
    108. Nurenbergk, E.L.: Endogener Rhythmus und CO2 Stoffwechsel bei Pflanzen mit diurnalem Säurerhythmus.-Planta 56: 28-70, 1961. Go to original source...
    109. Olesen, T.D., Bailey, G.J.: Acclimation of pineapple to night length.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 22: 387-390, 1995. Go to original source...
    110. Osmond, C.B.: Crassulacean acid metabolism: A curiosity in context.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29: 379-414, 1978. Go to original source...
    111. Osmond, C.B.: CAM: Regulated photosynthetic metabolism for all seasons.-In: Sybesma, C. (ed.): Advances in Photosynthesis Research. Vol. III. Pp. 557-564. Martinus-Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague-Boston-Lancaster 1984. Go to original source...
    112. Osmond, C.B., Adams, W., Smith, S.D.: Crassulacean acid metabolism.-In: Pearcy, R.W., Ehleringer, J.R., Mooney, H.A., Rundel, P.W. (ed.): Plant Physiological Ecology. Pp. 255-280. Chapman and Hall, London 1994. Go to original source...
    113. Osmond, C.B., Allaway, W.G., Sutton, B.G., Troughton, J.H., Queiroz, O., Lüttge, U., Winter, K.: Carbon isotope discrimination in photosynthesis of CAM plants.-Nature 246: 41-42, 1973. Go to original source...
    114. Osmond, C.B., Holtum, J.A.M.: Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.-In: Hatch, M.D., Boardman, N.K. (ed.): The Biochemistry of Plants. Vol. 8. Pp. 283-328. Academic Press, New York-London-Toronto-Sydney-San Francisco 1981. Go to original source...
    115. Osmond, C.B., Nott, D.L., Firth, P.M.: Carbon assimilation patterns and growth of the introduced CAM plant Opuntia inermis in Eastern Australia.-Oecologia 40: 331-350, 1979. Go to original source...
    116. Osmond, C.B., Popp, M., Robinson, S.A.: Stoichiometric nightmares: Studies of photosynthetic O2 and CO2 exchange in CAM plants.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 19-30. Springer, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    117. Osmond, C.B., Winter, K., Ziegler, H.: Functional significance of different pathways of CO2 fixation in photosynthesis.-In: Lange, D.L., Nobel, P.S., Osmond, C.B., Ziegler, H. (ed.): Physiological Plant Ecology II. Pp. 479-547. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1982. Go to original source...
    118. Osmond, C.B., Ziegler, H., Stichler, W., Trimborn, P.: Carbon isotope discrimination in alpine succulent plants supposed to be capable of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).-Oecologia 18: 209-217, 1975. Go to original source...
    119. Patten, D.T., Dinger, B.E.: Carbon dioxide exchange patterns in cacti from different environments.-Ecology 50: 686-688, 1969. Go to original source...
    120. Pilon-Smits, E.A.H., t'Hart, H., van Brederode, J.: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Sedum rupestre (Crassulaceae): Drought-enhanced expression and purification.-J. Plant Physiol. 136: 155-160, 1990. Go to original source...
    121. Pilon-Smits, E.A.H., t'Hart, H., van Brederode, J.: Evolutionary aspects of crassulacean acid metabolism in the Crassulaceae.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology, and Evolution. Pp. 349-359. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    122. Popp, M., Kramer, D., Lee, H., Diaz, M., Ziegler, H., Lüttge, U.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical dicotyledonous trees of the genus Clusia.-Trees 1: 238-247, 1987. Go to original source...
    123. Ranson, S.L., Thomas, M.: Crassulacean acid metabolism.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 11: 81-110, 1960. Go to original source...
    124. Raven, J.A., Handley, L.L., MacFarlane, J.J., McInroy, S., McKenzie, L., Richards, J.H., Samuelsson, G.: The role of CO2 uptake by roots and CAM acquisition of inorganic C by plants of the isoetid life-form: a review, with new data on Eriocaulon decangulare.-New Phytol. 108: 125-148, 1988. Go to original source...
    125. Rayder, L., Ting, I.P.: Carbon metabolism in two species of Pereskia (Cactaceae).-Plant Physiol. 68: 139-142, 1981. Go to original source...
    126. Rayder, L., Ting, I.P.: CAM-idling in Hoya carnosa (Asclepiadaceae).-Photosynth. Res. 4: 203-211, 1983a. Go to original source...
    127. Rayder, L., Ting, I.P.: Shifts in the carbon metabolism of Xerosicyos danguyi H. Humb. (Cucurbitaceae) brought about by water stress. II. Enzymology.-Plant Physiol. 72: 601-615, 1983b. Go to original source...
    128. Ritz, D., Kluge, M.: Circadian rhythmicity of CAM in continuous light: Coincidence between gas exchange parameters, 14CO2 fixation pattern and PEP-carboxylase properties.-J. Plant Physiol. 131: 285-296, 1987. Go to original source...
    129. Robe, W.E., Griffiths, H.: Physiological and photosynthetic plasticity in the amphibious, freshwater plant, Littorella uniflora, during the transition from aquatic to dry terrestrial environments.-Plant Cell Environ. 23: 1041-1054, 2000. Go to original source...
    130. Rustin, P., Meyer, C.R., Wedding, R.T.: Identification of substrate and effector on binding sites for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Crassula argentea. A possible role of phosphoenolpyruvate as substrate and activator.-J. biol. Chem. 263: 17611-17614, 1988. Go to original source...
    131. Sayed, O.H., Earnshaw, M.J., Cooper, M.: Growth, water relations, and CAM induction in Sedum album in response to water stress.-Biol. Plant. 36: 383-388, 1994. Go to original source...
    132. Sayed, O.H., Hegazy, A.K.: Life table analysis and ecophysiology of Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum in its natural environment.-Acta oecol. 12: 753-760, 1991.
    133. Schäfer, C., Lüttge, U.: Effects of high irradiances on photosynthesis, growth and crassulacean acid metabolism in the epiphyte Kalanchoë uniflora.-Oecologia 75: 567-574, 1988. Go to original source...
    134. Schmidt, J.E., Kaiser, W.M.: Response of the succulent leaves of Peperomia magnoliaefolia to dehydration. Water relations and solute movement in chlorenchyma and hydrenchyma.-Plant Physiol. 83: 190-194, 1987. Go to original source...
    135. Schmitt, A.K., Lee, H.S.J., Lüttge, U.: The response of the C3-CAM tree, Clusia rosea, to light and water stress. I. Gas exchange characteristics.-J. exp. Bot. 39: 1581-1590, 1988. Go to original source...
    136. Schuber, M., Kluge, M.: In situ studies on crassulacean acid metabolism in Sedum acre L. and Sedum mite Gil.-Oecologia 50: 82-87, 1981. Go to original source...
    137. Schütte, K., Steyn, R., Westhuizen, M.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in South African succulents: a preliminary investigation into occurrence in various families.-J. South African Bot. 33: 107-110, 1967.
    138. Sen, D.N.: A report on crassulacean acid metabolism in Euphorbia caudicifolia and its diversity.-Curr. Sci. 39: 116-117, 1970.
    139. Sinclair, R.: Water relations of tropical epiphytes. III. Evidence for crassulacean acid metabolism.-J. exp. Bot. 35: 1-17, 1984. Go to original source...
    140. Sipes, D.L., Ting, I.P.: Crassulacean acid metabolism and Crassulacean acid metabolism modifications in Peperomia camptotricha.-Plant Physiol. 77: 59-63, 1985. Go to original source...
    141. Smirnoff, N: Regulation of crassulacean acid metabolism by water stress in the C3 /CAM intermediate Sedum telephium.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 176-191. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    142. Smith, J.A.: Vacuolar accumulation of organic acids and other anions in CAM plants.-In: Marin, B. (ed.): Plant Vacuoles. Pp. 79-87. Plenum Publ. Corporation, New York 1987. Go to original source...
    143. Smith, J.A.C., Bryce, J.H.: Metabolite compartmentation and transport in CAM plants.-In: Tobin, A.K. (ed.): Plant Organelles. Compartmentation of Metabolism in Photosynthetic Cells. Pp. 141-167. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York-Oakleigh 1992. Go to original source...
    144. Smith, J.A.C., Ingram, J., Tsiantis, M.S., Barkla, B.J., Bartholomew, D.M., Bettey, M., Pantoja, O., Pennington, A.J.: Transport across vacuolar membrane in CAM plants.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 53-71. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    145. Smith, J.A.C., Winter, K.: Taxonomic distribution of crassulacean acid metabolism.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 427-436. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    146. Szarek, S.R., Holthe, P.A., Ting, I.P.: Minor physiological response to elevated CO2 by the CAM plant Agave vilmoriniana.-Plant Physiol. 83: 938-940, 1987. Go to original source...
    147. Szarek, S.R., Ting, I.P.: Physiological responses to rainfall in Opuntia basilaris (Cactaceae).-Amer. J. Bot. 62: 602-609, 1979. Go to original source...
    148. Teeri, J.A.: Photosynthetic variation in the Crassulaceae.-In: Ting, I.P., Gibbs, M. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Pp. 244-259. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville 1982a.
    149. Teeri, J.A.: Seasonal variations in crassulacean acid metabolism in Dudleya blochmanae (Crassulaceae).-Oecologia 64: 68-73, 1982b. Go to original source...
    150. Teeri, J.A., Turner, M., Gurevitch, J.: The response of leaf water potential and crassulacean acid metabolism to prolonged drought in Sedum rubrotinctum.-Plant Physiol. 81: 678-680, 1986. Go to original source...
    151. Ting, I.P.: Crassulacean acid metabolism.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 36: 595-622, 1985. Go to original source...
    152. Ting, I.P., Bates, L., Sternberg, L.O., Deniro, M.J.: Physiological and isotopic aspects of photosynthesis in Peperomia.-Plant Physiol. 78: 246-249, 1985. Go to original source...
    153. Ting, I.P., Burk, J.H.: Aspects of carbon metabolism in Welwitschia.-Plant Sci. Lett. 32: 279-285, 1983. Go to original source...
    154. Ting, I.P., Dugger, W.M.: Non-autotrophic carbon dioxide metabolism in cacti.-Bot. Gaz. 129: 9-15, 1968. Go to original source...
    155. Ting, I.P., Gibbs, M.: Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.-American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville 1982.
    156. Ting, I.P., Patel, A., Kaur, S., Hann, J., Walling, L.: Ontogenic development of crassulacean acid metabolism as modified by water stress in Peperomia.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 204-215. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    157. Ting, I.P., Sipes, D.: Metabolic modifications of crassulacean acid metabolism in CAM-idling and CAM-cycling.-In: Luden, P.W., Burris, J.E. (ed.): Night Fixation and CO2 Metabolism. Pp. 371-378. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985.
    158. Treichel, S.: Crassulacean Säurestoffwechel bei einem saltztoleranten Vertreter der Aizoaceae: Aptenia crodifolia.-Plant Sci. Lett. 4: 141-144, 1975. Go to original source...
    159. Troughton, J.H.: δ13C as an indicator of carboxylation reactions.-In: Gibbs, M., Latzko, E. (ed.): Photosynthesis II. Pp. 140-149. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1979. Go to original source...
    160. Troughton, J.H., Mooney, H.A., Berry, J.A., Varity, D.: Variable carbon isotope ratios of Dudleya species growing in natural environments.-Oecologia 30: 307-311, 1977. Go to original source...
    161. Wang, N., Nobel, P.S.: Phloem transport of fractans in the crassulacean acid metabolism species Agave deserti.-Plant Physiol. 116: 709-714, 1998. Go to original source...
    162. Whiting, B.H., van der Venter, H.A., Small, S.E.C.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in jointed cactus (Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley).-Agroplantae 11: 41-43, 1979.
    163. Willert, D.J. von, Brinckmann, E., Scheitler, B., Eller, B.M.: Availability of water controls crassulacean acid metabolism in succulents of the Richterveld (Namib desert, South Africa).-Planta 164: 44-55, 1985. Go to original source...
    164. Willert, D.J. von, Brinckmann, E., Schulze, D.E.: Ecophysiological investigations of plants in coastal deserts of southern Africa. Ion control and CAM.-In: Jefferies, R.J., Davy, A.J. (ed.): Ecological Processes in Coastal Environments. Pp. 321-331. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford 1979.
    165. Willert, D.J. von, Eller, B.M., Werger, M.J.A., Brinkmann, E., Ihlenfeldt, H.: Life Strategies of Succulents in Deserts.-Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992.
    166. Winter, K.: δ13C values of some succulent plants from Madagascar.-Oecologia 40: 103-112, 1979. Go to original source...
    167. Winter, K.: Crassulacean acid metabolism.-In: Barber, J., Baker, N.R. (ed.): Photosynthetic Mechanisms and the Environment. Pp. 329-387. Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam-New York-Oxford 1985.
    168. Winter, K., Lüttge, U., Winter, E.: Seasonal shifts from C3 photosynthesis to crassulacean acid metabolism in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum growing in its natural habitat.-Oecologia 34: 225-237, 1978. Go to original source...
    169. Winter, K., Medina, E., Mayoral, M.L., Muniz, L.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in roots of the leafless orchid, Campilocentrum tyridion.-J. Plant Physiol. 118: 73-78, 1986a. Go to original source...
    170. Winter, K., Osmond, C.B., Hubick, K.T.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in the shade. Studies on an epiphytic fern, Pyrrosia longifolia and other related rainforest species in Australia.-Oecologia 68: 224-230, 1986b. Go to original source...
    171. Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C.: An introduction to crassulacean acid metabolism. Principles and ecological diversity.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 1-16. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996a. Go to original source...
    172. Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C.: Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology, and Evolution.-Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996b. Go to original source...
    173. Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C.: Crassulacean acid metabolism. Current status and perspectives.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Evolution. Pp. 289-326. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996c. Go to original source...
    174. Winter, K., Troughton, J.H.: Photosynthetic pathways in plants of coastal and inland habitat in Israel and the Sinai.-Flora 167: 1-34, 1978. Go to original source...
    175. Winter, K., Wallace, B.J., Stocker, G.C., Rakasandic, Z.: Crassulacean acid metabolism in Australian varsular epiphytes and some related species.-Oecologia 56: 129-141, 1983. Go to original source...
    176. Woodward, F.I.: The climatic control of the altitudinal distribution of Sedum rosea L. and Sedum telephium L. I. Field observation.-New Phytol. 74: 323-324, 1975. Go to original source...
    177. Ziegler, H.: Carbon-and hydrogen-isotope discrimination in crassulacean acid metabolism.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology, and Evolution. Pp. 336-348. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...
    178. Zotz, G., Winter, K.: Seasonal changes in daytime versus night-time CO2 fixation of Clusia uvitana in situ.-In: Winter, K., Smith, J.A.C. (ed.): Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemistry, Ecophysiology, and Evolution. Pp. 312-323. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. Go to original source...

    Return to the content