Photosynthetica 2014, 52(2):301-312 | DOI: 10.1007/s11099-014-0034-9

Vegetative growth, compatible solute accumulation, ion partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of 'Malas-e-Saveh' and 'Shishe-Kab' pomegranates in response to salinity stress

M. Khayyat1,*, A. Tehranifar1, G. H. Davarynejad1, M. H. Sayyari-Zahan2
1 Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, South Khorassan, Iran

The present research was conducted to assess physiological responses of 'Malas-e-Saveh' (Malas) and 'Shishe-Kab' (Shishe) pomegranates to water of different salt content and electrical conductivity (1.05, 4.61, and 7.46 dS m-1). Both cultivars showed a reduced trunk length due to salinity. Relative water content and stomatal conductivity of both cultivars were significantly reduced under salt stress, but ion leakage increased. In both cultivars, total chlorophyll (Chl) and carbohydrates decreased with rise in salinity, while proline accumulation increased. With salinity increment, the Chl fluorescence parameters (maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII and effective quantum yield of PSII) declined significantly in both cultivars, with higher reduction observed in Shishe. Generally, more Na+ accumulated in shoots and more Cl- was observed in leaves. Cl- accumulation increased by salinity in leaves of Malas, but it was reduced in Shishe. The K+/Na+ ratio in leaves decreased in both cultivars by salinity increment. Malas was less affected by osmotic effects of NaCl, but it accumulated more Cl- in its leaves. Thus, Malas might be more affected by negative effects of salinity.

Additional key words: chloride; fluorescence; growth; NaCl; potassium; proline; sodium; total carbohydrates

Received: May 26, 2013; Accepted: September 30, 2013; Published: June 1, 2014  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Khayyat, M., Tehranifar, A., Davarynejad, G.H., & Sayyari-Zahan, M.H. (2014). Vegetative growth, compatible solute accumulation, ion partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of 'Malas-e-Saveh' and 'Shishe-Kab' pomegranates in response to salinity stress. Photosynthetica, 52(2), 301-312. doi: 10.1007/s11099-014-0034-9
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Apse, M.P., Blumwald, E.: Na+ transport in plants. - FEBS Lett. 581: 2247-2254, 2007. Go to original source...
    2. Ashraf, M.: Organic substances responsible for salt tolerance in Eruca sativa. - Biol. Plantarum 36: 255-259, 1994. Go to original source...
    3. Ashraf, M., Harris, P.J.C.: Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview. - Photosynthetica 51: 163-190, 2013. Go to original source...
    4. Ashraf, M., Harris, P.J.C.: Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. - Plant Sci. 166: 3-16, 2004. Go to original source...
    5. Ashraf, M., Foolad, M.R.: Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. - Environ. Exp. Bot. 59: 206-216, 2007. Go to original source...
    6. Banuls, J., Prmo-Millo, E.: Effect of salinity on some citrus scion-rootstock combinations. - Ann. Bot. 76: 97-102, 1995. Go to original source...
    7. Bar, Y., Apfelbaum, A., Kafikafi, U., Goren, R.: Ethylene association with chloride stress in citrus plants. - Sci. Hortic. 73: 99-109, 1998. Go to original source...
    8. Barrs, H.D., Weatherley, P.E.: A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficits in leaves. - Austr. J. Biol. Sci. 15: 413-428, 1962. Go to original source...
    9. Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., Teare, I.D.: Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. - Plant Soil 39: 205-207, 1973. Go to original source...
    10. Behboudian, M.H., Walker, R.R., Torokfalvy, E.: Effects of water stress and salinity on photosynthesis of pistachio. - Sci. Hortic. 29: 251-261, 1986. Go to original source...
    11. Ben Ahmed, C., Ben Rouina, B., Boukhris, M.: Changes in water relations, photosynthetic activity and proline accumulation in one-year-old olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Chemlali) in response to NaCl salinity. - Acta Physiol. Plant. 30: 553-560, 2008. Go to original source...
    12. Bhantana, P., Lazarovitch, N.: Evapotranspiration, crop coefficient and growth of two young pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) varieties under salt stress. - Agr. Water Manage. 97: 715-722, 2010. Go to original source...
    13. Bilger, W., Schreiber, U., Lange, O.L.: Chlorophyll fluorescence as an indicator of heat induced limitation of photosynthesis in Arbutus unedo L. - In: Tenhunen, J.D., Catarino, F.M., Lange, O.L., Oechel, W.C. (ed.): Plant Response to Stress. Pp. 391-399. Springer-Verlag, Berlin - Heidelberg - New York - London - Paris - Tokyo 1987. Go to original source...
    14. Björkman, O., Demmig, B.: Photon yield of O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at 77 K among vascular plants of diverse origins. - Planta 170: 489-504, 1987. Go to original source...
    15. Black, C.A.: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part I: Physical and mineralogical properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 1965. Go to original source...
    16. Bohnert, H.J., Jensen, R.G.: Strategies for engineering water stress tolerance in plants. - Trends Biotech. 14: 89-97, 1996. Go to original source...
    17. Bongi, G., Loreto, F.: Gas-exchange properties of salt-stressed olive (Olea europea L.) leaves. - Plant Physiol. 90: 1408-1416, 1989. Go to original source...
    18. Chapman, H.D.: Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils. Pp. 793. Division of Agricultural Science, University of California, Oakland, USA 1966.
    19. Chapman, H.D., Pratt, P.F.: Methods of Analysis for Soils, Plants and Water. - Chapman Publisher, Riverside, CA, USA 1982.
    20. Chaves, M.M., Flexas, J., Pinheiro, C.: Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. - Ann. Bot. 103: 551-560, 2009. Go to original source...
    21. Chen Z., Cuin T.A., Zhou M., et al.: Compatible solute accumulation and stress-mitigating effects in barley genotypes contrasting in their salt tolerance. - J. Exp. Bot. 58: 4245-4255, 2007. Go to original source...
    22. Cornic, G.: Drought stress and high light effects on leaf synthesis. - In: Baker, N.R., Bowyer, J.R. (ed.): Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis. From Molecular Mechanisms to the Field. Pp. 297-313. Bios Sci. Publ., Oxford 1994.
    23. Dodd, I.C.: Hormonal interactions and stomatal responses. - J. Plant Growth Regul. 22: 32-46, 2003. Go to original source...
    24. Doring, J., Ludders, P.: Effect of different salt treatment on Punica granatum at different root temperatures. - Gartenbauwissenschaf. 51: 92-96, 1986.
    25. Doring, J., Ludders, P.: Influence of sodium salts on Na, Cl and SO4 content in leaves, shoots and roots of Punica granatum. - Gartenbauwissenschaf. 52: 26-31, 1987.
    26. Estan, M.T., Martinez-Rodriguez, M.M., Perez-Alfocea, F., et al.: Grafting raises the salt tolerance of tomato through limiting the transport of sodium and chloride to the shoot. - J. Exp. Bot. 56: 703-712, 2005. Go to original source...
    27. FAO: FAO Land and Plant Nutrition Management Service, 2008.
    28. Fernandez, R.T., Perry, R.L., Flore, J.A.: Drought response of young three apple trees on three rootstocks. II. Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, water relations, and leaf abscisic acid. - J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 122: 841-848, 1997. Go to original source...
    29. Flexas, J., Bota, J., Loreto, F. et al.: Diffusive and metabolic limitations to photosynthesis under drought and salinity in C3 plants. - Plant Biol. 6: 269-279, 2004. Go to original source...
    30. Flowers, T.J., Troke, P.F., Yeo, A.R.: The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. - Ann. Rev. Plant Physio. 28: 89-121, 1977. Go to original source...
    31. Fricke, W., Akhiyarova, G., Veselov, D., Kudoyarova, G.: Rapid and tissue-specific changes in ABA and in growth rate response to salinity in barley leaves. - J. Exp. Bot. 55: 1115-1123, 2004. Go to original source...
    32. Fricke, W., Peters, W.S.: The biophysics of leaf growth in salt-stressed barley. A study at the cell level. - Plant Physiol. 129: 374-388, 2002. Go to original source...
    33. García-Sánchez, F., Syvertsen, J.P.: Salinity tolerance of cleopatra mandarin and carrizo citrange rootstock seedlings is affected by CO2 enrichment during growth. - J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 131: 24-31, 2006. Go to original source...
    34. Genty, B., Briantais, J.M., Baker, N.R.: The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. - Biochim. Biophys. Acta 990: 87-92, 1989. Go to original source...
    35. Glynn, C.P., Gillian, A.F., Gavin, O.: Foliar salt tolerance of Acer genotypes using chlorophyll fluorescence. - J. Arboricult. 29: 61-65, 2003. Go to original source...
    36. Goreta, S., Buceviæ-Popoviæ, V., Pavela-Vranciæ, M., Perica, S.: Salinity-induced changes in growth, superoxide dismutase activity, and ion content of two olive cultivars. - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc. 170: 398-403, 2007. Go to original source...
    37. Grattan, S.R., Grieve, C.M.: Salinity-mineral nutrient relations in horticultural crops. - Sci. Hortic. 78: 127-157, 1999. Go to original source...
    38. Greenway, H., Munns, R.: Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. - Ann. Rev. Plant Physio. 31: 149-190, 1980. Go to original source...
    39. Hasegawa, P.M., Bressan, R.A., Zhu, J.K., Bohnert, H.J.: Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. - Ann. Rev. Plant Physio. 51: 463-499, 2000. Go to original source...
    40. Hernandez, J.A., Jimenez, A., Mullineaux, P., Sevilla, F.: Tolerance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to a long term salt stress is associated with induction of antioxidant defenses. - Plant Cell Environ. 23: 853-862, 2000. Go to original source...
    41. Hokmabadi, H., Arzani, K., Grierson, P.F.: Growth, chemical composition, and carbon isotope discrimination of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rootstock seedlings in response to salinity. - Austr. J. Agr. Res. 56: 135-144, 2005. Go to original source...
    42. Holland, D., Hatib, K., Bar-Yáakov, I.: Pomegranate: botany, horticulture, breeding. - In: Janick, J. (ed.): Horticultural Reviews, Vol. 35, Pp. 127-191, Wiley-BlackWell Publication. New Jersey 2009. Go to original source...
    43. Hu, Y.C., Fricke, W., Schmidhalter, U.: Salinity and the growth of non-halophytic grass leaves: the role of mineral nutrient distribution. - Funct. Plant Biol. 32: 973-985, 2005. Go to original source...
    44. Hu, Y., Burucs, Z., Von Tucher, S., Schmidhalter, U.: Short-term effects of drought and salinity on mineral nutrient distribution along growing leaves of maize seedlings. - Environ. Exp. Bot. 60: 268-275, 2007. Go to original source...
    45. Hunt, R.: Basic growth analysis: Plant Growth Analysis for Beginners. Pp. 112. Unwin Hyman, London, UK 1990. Go to original source...
    46. Irigoyen, J.J., Emerich, D.W., Sanchez-Dias, M.: Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. - Physiol. Plantarum 84: 55-60, 1992. Go to original source...
    47. Jain, B.L., Dass, H.C.: Effect of saline water on pomegranate of sapling of jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana), Indian cherry (Cordia dichotoma var.Wallichi) and pomegranate (Punica granatum) at nursery stage. - Indian J. Agr. Sci. 58: 420-421, 1988.
    48. Jimenez, M.S., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, A.M., Morales, D., et al.: Evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool for salt stress detection in roses. - Photosynthetica 33: 291-301, 1997. Go to original source...
    49. Jones, R.G.W., Storey, R., Leigh, R.A., et al.: A hypothesis on cytoplasmic osmoregulation. - In: Marre, E., Cifferi, O. (ed.): Regulation of Cell Membrane Activities in Plants. Pp. 121-136. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1977.
    50. Juneau, P., Green, B.R., Harrison, P.J.: Simulation of Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (PAM) fluorescence: Limitations of some PAM-parameters in studying environmental stress effects. - Photosynthetica 43: 75-83, 2005. Go to original source...
    51. Kalaji, H.M., Govindjee, Bosa, K., et al.: Effects of salt stress on photosystem II efficiency and CO2 assimilation of two Syrian barley landraces. - Environ. Exp. Bot. 73: 64-72, 2011. Go to original source...
    52. Karimi, E., Abdolzadeh, A., Saideghipour, H.R.: Increasing salt tolerance in olive, Olea europaea L. plants by supplemental potassium nutrition involves changes in ion accumulation and anatomical attributes. - Int. J. Plant Prod. 3: 49-60, 2009.
    53. Kaya, C., Higgs, D., Saltali, K., Gezeral, O.: Response of strawberry grown at high salinity and alkalinity to supplementary potassium. - J. Plant Nutr. 25: 1415-1427, 2002a. Go to original source...
    54. Kaya, C., Kirnak, H., Higgs, D., Saltali, K.: Supplementary calcium enhances plant growth and fruit yield in strawberry cultivars grown at high (NaCl) salinity. - Sci. Hortic. 93: 65-74, 2002b. Go to original source...
    55. Kempa, S., Krasensky, J., Dal Santo, S. et al.: A central role of abscisic acid in stress-regulated carbohydrate metabolism. - PLOS ONE, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003935, 2008. Go to original source...
    56. Khaleghi, E., Arzani, K., Moallemi, N., Barzegar, M.: Evaluation of chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and relationships between chlorophyll a, b and chlorophyll content index under water stress in Olea europaea cv. Dezful. - World Acad. Sci. Engin. Tech. 68: 1154-1157, 2012
    57. Khan M.H., Panda S.K.: Alterations in root lipid peroxidation and antioxidative responses in two rice cultivars under NaCl-salinity stress. - Acta Physiol. Plant. 30: 81-89, 2008. Go to original source...
    58. Khayyat, M., Vazifeshenas, M.R., Rajaee, S., Jamalian, S.: Potassium effect on ion leakage, water usage, fruit yield and biomass production by strawberry plants grown under NaCl stress. - J. Fruit Ornament. Plant Res. 17: 79-88, 2009a.
    59. Khayyat, M., Rajaee, S., Sajjadinia, A., Eshghi, S., Tafazoli, E.: Calcium effects on changes in chlorophyll contents, dry weight and micronutrients of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) plants under salt-stress conditions. - Fruits 64: 53-59, 2009b. Go to original source...
    60. Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H., Siadat, H.: Mineral nutrition of vegetables and horticultural crops in saline conditions. Tehran, Iran: Agricultural Ministry, Deputy of Horticulture. Pp. 87. 2002.
    61. Kitajima, M., Butler, W.L.: Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and primary photochemistry in chloroplasts by dibromothymoquinone. - Biochim. Biophys. Acta 376: 105-115, 1975. Go to original source...
    62. Krause, G.H., Vernotte, C., Briantais, J.M.: Photoinduced quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in intact chloroplasts and algae. Resolution into two components. - BBA-Bioenergetics 679: 116-124, 1982. Go to original source...
    63. Krause, G.H., Weis, E.: Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool in plant physiology. II. Interpretation of fluorescence signals. - Photosynth. Res. 5: 139-157, 1984. Go to original source...
    64. Lazár, D.: Chlorophyll a fluorescence induction. - BBABioenergetics 1412: 1-28, 1999. Go to original source...
    65. Lazár, D., Nau¹, J.: Statistical properties of chlorophyll fluorescence induction parameters. - Photosynthetica 35: 121-127, 1998. Go to original source...
    66. Lazár, D., Su¹ila, P., Nau¹, J.: Early detection of plant stress from changes in distributions of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters measured with fluorescence imaging. - J. Fluoresc. 16: 173-176, 2006. Go to original source...
    67. Lawlor, D.W., Cornic, G.: Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. - Plant Cell Environ. 25: 275-294, 2002. Go to original source...
    68. Levin, G.M.: Pomegranate roads: A Soviet botanist's exile from Eden. Pp. 15-183. Floreat Press, Forestville, USA 2006.
    69. Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M., Bouharmont, J.: Changes in plant response to NaCl during development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in salinity resistance. - J. Exp. Bot. 46: 1843-1852, 1995. Go to original source...
    70. Lutts, S., Kinet, J.M., Bouharmont, J.: NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. - Ann. Bot.-London 78: 389-398, 1996. Go to original source...
    71. Mane, A.V., Deshpande T.V., Wagh V.B., Karadge B.A., Samant J.S.: A critical review on physiological changes associated with reference to salinity. - Int. J. Environ. Sci. 1: 1192-1216, 2011
    72. Mansour, M.M.F., Salama, K.H.A.: Cellular basis of salinity tolerance in plants. - Environ. Exp. Bot. 52: 113-122, 2004. Go to original source...
    73. Marschner, H.: Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd Ed. Pp.892. Academic Press Ltd., London 1995.
    74. Martinez-Rodriguez, M.M., Estañ, M.T., Moyano, E., et al.: The effectiveness of grafting to improve salt tolerance in tomato when an 'excluder' genotype is used as scion. - Environ. Exp. Bot. 63: 392-401, 2008. Go to original source...
    75. Matos, M.C., Rebelo, E., Lauriano, J., et al.: CO2 assimilation and water relations of almond tree (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) cultivars grown under field conditions. - Photosynthetica 42: 473-476, 2004. Go to original source...
    76. Meinander, O., Somersalo, S., Holopainen, T., Strasser, R.J.: Scots pines after exposure to elevated ozone and carbon dioxide probed by reflectance spectra and chlorophyll a fluorescence transients. - J. Plant Physiol. 148: 229-236, 1996. Go to original source...
    77. Melcher, K., Ng, L.M., Zhou, X.E. et al.: A gate-latch-lock mechanism for hormone signalling by abscisic acid receptors. - Nature 462: 602-608, 2009. Go to original source...
    78. Molinari, H.B.C., Marur, C.J., Daros, E., et al.: Evaluation of the stress-inducible production of proline in transgenic sugarcane (Saccharum spp.): osmotic adjustment, chlorophyll fluorescence and oxidative stress. - Physiol. Plantarum 130: 218-229, 2007. Go to original source...
    79. Munns, R.: Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. - New Phytol. 167: 645-663, 2005. Go to original source...
    80. Munns, R., Guo, J., Passioura, J.B., Cramer, G.R.: Leaf water status controls day-time but not daily rates of leaf expansion in salt-treated barley. - Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 27: 949-957, 2000. Go to original source...
    81. Munns, R., James, R.A., Läuchli, A.: Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. - J. Exp. Bot. 57: 1025-1043, 2006. Go to original source...
    82. Munns, R., Tester M.: Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. - Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59: 651-681, 2008. Go to original source...
    83. Naeini, M.R., Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H., Fallahi, E.: Partitioning of chlorine, sodium, and potassium and shoot growth of three pomegranate cultivars under different levels of salinity. - J. Plant Nutr. 29: 1835-1843, 2006. Go to original source...
    84. Neocleous, D., Vasilakakis, M.: Effects of NaCl stress on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. 'Autumn Bliss). - Sci. Hortic.-Amsterdam 112: 282-289, 2007. Go to original source...
    85. Nuccio, M.L., Rhodes, D., McNeil, S.D., Hanson, A.D.: Metabolic engineering of plants for osmotic stress resistance. - Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2: 128-134, 1999. Go to original source...
    86. Oliveira Medici, L., Antunes Azevedo, R., Pasqualoto Canellas, L. et al.: Stomatal conductance of maize under water and nitrogen deficits. - Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 42: 599-601, 2007. Go to original source...
    87. Paranychianakis, N.V., Angelakis, A.N.: The effect of water stress and rootstock on the development of leaf injuries in grapevines irrigated with saline effluent. - Agr. Water Manage. 95: 375-382, 2008. Go to original source...
    88. Patil, V.K., Waghmare, P.R.: Salinity tolerance of pomegranate. - J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 7: 268-269, 1982.
    89. Percival, G.C., Fraser, G.A.: Measurement of the salinity and freezing tolerance of Crataegus genotypes using chlorophyll fluorescence. - J. Arboricult. 27: 223-245, 2001. Go to original source...
    90. Perica, S., Goreta, S., Selak, G.V.: Growth, biomass allocation and leaf ion concentration of seven olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under increased salinity. - Sci. Hortic.-Amsterdam 117: 123-129, 2008. Go to original source...
    91. Petsas, A., Grammatikopoulos, G.: Drought resistance and recovery of photosystem II activity in a Mediterranean semideciduous shrub at the seedling stage. - Photosynthetica 47: 284-292, 2009. Go to original source...
    92. Prior, L.D., Grieve, A.M., Bevington, K.B., Slavich, P.G.: Longterm effects of saline irrigation water on 'Valencia' orange trees: relationships between growth and yield, and salt levels in soil and leaves. - Aust. J. Agr. Res. 58: 349-358, 2007. Go to original source...
    93. Ranjbar, V.: Genetic and geographical variation, revival principals, rolls and evolution of pomegranate. - Saveh Agric. Res. Stat. Tech. J. 3: 15-28, 1981.
    94. Ranjbarfordoei, A., Samson, R., Van Damme, P.: Chlorophyll fluorescence performance of sweet almond [Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. Webb] in response to salinity stress induced by NaCl. - Photosynthetica 44: 513-522, 2006. Go to original source...
    95. Roades, J.D.: Soluble salts. - In: Page, A.L. et al. (ed.): Methods of Soil Analysis, 2nd ed., Part 2, Pp. 167-179, 1982. Go to original source...
    96. Rhodes, D., Nadolska-Orczyk, A., Rich, P.J.: Salinity, osmolytes and compatible solutes. - In: Läuchli, A., Lüttge, U. (ed.): Salinity, Environment-Plants-Molecules. Pp. 181-204. Springer, Dordrecht 2002. Go to original source...
    97. Roháèek, K.: Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters: the definitions, photosynthetic meaning, and mutual relationships. - Photosynthetica 40: 13-29, 2002. Go to original source...
    98. Rouhi, V., Samson, R., Lemeur, R., Van Damme, P.: Photosynthetic gas exchange characteristics in three different almond species during drought stress and subsequent recovery. - Environ. Exp. Bot. 59: 117-129, 2006. Go to original source...
    99. Sabra, A., Daayf, F., Renault, S.: Differential physiological and biochemical responses of three Echinacea species to salinity stress. - Sci. Hortic.-Amsterdam 135: 23-31, 2012. Go to original source...
    100. Saini, R.S., Sharme, K.D., Dhankhar, O.P., Kaushik, R.A.: Laboratory manual of analytical techniques in horticulture. Pp. 49-50. Agrobios, India 2001.
    101. Sairam, R.K., Tyagi, A.: Physiology and molecular biology of salinity stress tolerance in plants. - Curr. Sci. India 86: 407-421, 2004.
    102. Sergio, L., De Paola, A., Cantore, V., et al.: Effect of salt stress on growth parameters, enzymatic antioxidant system, and lipid peroxidation in wild chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). - Acta Physiol. Plant. 34: 2349-2358, 2012. Go to original source...
    103. Silva-Ortega, C.O., Ochoa-Alfaro, A.E., Reyes-Aguerro, J.A., et al.: Salt stress increases the expression of p5cs gene and induces proline accumulation in cactus pear. - Plant Physiol. Bioch. 46: 82-92, 2008. Go to original source...
    104. Singh, A.K., Dubey, R.S.: Changes in chlorophyll a and b contents and activities of photosystems 1 and 2 in rice seedlings induced by NaCl. - Photosynthetica 31: 489-499, 1995.
    105. Sivstev, M.V., Ponamareva, S.V., Kuzmetsova, E.A.: Effect of salinization and herbicide on chlorophyllase activity in tomato leaves. - Fiziol. Biokh. Kult. Rast. 20: 62-65, 1973.
    106. Smekens, M.J., Vantienderen, P.H.: Genetic variation and plasticity of Plantago coronopus under saline conditions. - Acta Oecol. 22: 187-200, 2001. Go to original source...
    107. Tester, M., Davenport, R.J.: Na+ transport and Na+ tolerance in higher plants. - Ann. Bot. 91: 503-527, 2003. Go to original source...
    108. Tiwari, J.K., Munshi, A.D., Kumar, R., et al.: Effect of salt stress on cucumber: Na+/K+ ratio, osmolyte concentration, phenols and chlorophyll content. - Acta Physiol. Plant. 32: 103-114, 2010. Go to original source...
    109. Torrecillas, A., Guillaume, C., Alarcón, J.J., Ruiz-Sanchez, M.C.: Water relations of two tomato species under water stress and recovery. - Plant Sci. 105: 169-176, 1995. Go to original source...
    110. Varasteh, F., Arzani, K., Zamani, Z., Mohseni, A.: Evaluation of the most important fruit characteristics of some commercial pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars of Iran. - Acta Hortic. 818:103-108, 2009. Go to original source...
    111. Wahome, P.K.: Mechanisms of salt (NaCl) stress tolerance in horticultural crops - a mini review. - Acta Hortic. 609: 127-131, 2003. Go to original source...
    112. Weber, J., Reimann-Phillip, R.: Influence of NaCl and NaHCO3 on the foliage and pollen germination of rose rootstock plants grown in Mitscherlich pots. - Acta Hortic. 246: 353-354, 1989. Go to original source...
    113. Yordanov, I., Tsonev, T., Goltsev, V., Kruleva, L., Velikova, V.: Interactive effect of water deficit and high temperature on photosynthesis of sunflower and maize plants. 1. Changes in parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics and fluorescence quenching. - Photosynthetica 33: 391-402, 1997.
    114. Zaman, B., Arshad, A., Salim, M., Khawer, H.: Growth of wheat as affected by sodium chloride and sodium sulphate salinity. - Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 5: 1313-1315, 2002. Go to original source...
    115. Zhang, H.B., Xu, D.Q.: Role of light-harvesting complex 2 dissociation in protecting the photosystem 2 reaction centres against photodamage in soybean leaves and thylakoids. - Photosynthetica 41: 383-391, 2003. Go to original source...
    116. Zhu, J.: Regulation of ion homeostasis under salt stress. - Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 6: 441-444, 2003. Go to original source...

    Return to the content