Photosynthetica 2021, 59(4):547-556 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2021.046

Blue light dosage affects photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and antioxidant properties of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

H. ZHANG1, Y. TU1, J. KANG1, W. SONG1, 2, L. ZHENG1, 2
1 College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, Qinghua East Road 17, 100083 Beijing, China
2 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qinghua East Road 17, 100083 Beijing, China

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum is an annual succulent plant that is being used as an emerging healthy leafy vegetable. To investigate the growth and physiological response of M. crystallinum to artificial lighting, five different light treatments were applied at 150 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1, which were white (W), different rations of red/blue (B) (15, 40, and 70%B), and blue (100%B), respectively. Our results showed that plants could gain as much as edible leaf area and dry mass with a certain ratio of blue (40%) in comparison with W. Plants grown under 100%B resulted in reduced photosynthetic rate, leaf area, and fresh mass compared with W. Adding blue fraction in the light regime enhanced the photosynthetic performance by influencing the amount of chlorophyll (Chl), Chl a/b, and specific leaf area. Under red/blue treatments, the electron transport rate and effective quantum yield of both PSII and PSI increased, while the nitrate content was reduced and flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity were unaffected.

Additional key words: common ice plant; controlled environment; gas exchange; light quality.

Received: June 16, 2021; Revised: September 10, 2021; Accepted: September 21, 2021; Prepublished online: October 26, 2021; Published: December 17, 2021  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
ZHANG, H., TU, Y., KANG, J., SONG, W., & ZHENG, L. (2021). Blue light dosage affects photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and antioxidant properties of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Photosynthetica, 59(4), 547-556. doi: 10.32615/ps.2021.046
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Arena C., Tsonev T., Doneva D. et al.: The effect of light quality on growth, photosynthesis, leaf anatomy and volatile isoprenoids of a monoterpene-emitting herbaceous species (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and an isoprene-emitting tree (Platanus orientalis L.). - Environ. Exp. Bot. 130: 122-132, 2016. Go to original source...
    2. Bantis F., Smirnakou S., Ouzounis T. et al.: Current status and recent achievements in the field of horticulture with the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). - Sci. Hortic.-Amsterdam 235: 437-451, 2018. Go to original source...
    3. Bian Z., Cheng R., Wang Y. et al.: Effect of green light on nitrate reduction and edible quality of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under short-term continuous light from red and blue light-emitting diodes. - Environ. Exp. Bot. 153: 63-71, 2018. Go to original source...
    4. Bradford M.: A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. - Anal. Biochem. 72: 248-254, 1976. Go to original source...
    5. Chang S., Li C., Yao X. et al.: Morphological, photosynthetic, and physiological responses of rapeseed leaf to different combinations of red and blue lights at the rosette stage. - Front. Plant Sci. 7: 1144, 2016. Go to original source...
    6. Chen A.Y., Chen Y.C.: A review of the dietary flavonoid, kaempferol on human health and cancer chemoprevention. - Food Chem. 138: 2099-2107, 2013. Go to original source...
    7. Cope K.R., Snowden M.C., Bugbee B.: Photobiological interactions of blue light and photosynthetic photon flux: Effects of monochromatic and broad-spectrum light sources. - Photochem. Photobiol. 90: 574-584, 2014. Go to original source...
    8. Dias M.C., Brüggemann W.: Limitations of photosynthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris under drought stress: Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and Calvin cycle enzymes. - Photosynthetica 48: 96-102, 2010. Go to original source...
    9. Dougher T.A.O., Bugbee B.: Long-term blue light effects on the histology of lettuce and soybean leaves and stems. - J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 129: 467-472, 2004. Go to original source...
    10. Dreuw A., Fleming G.R., Head-Gordon M.: Role of electron-transfer quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by carotenoids in non-photochemical quenching of green plants. - Biochem. Soc. T. 33: 858-862, 2005. Go to original source...
    11. Evans J.R.: Acclimation by the thylakoid membranes to growth irradiance and the partitioning of nitrogen between soluble and thylakoid proteins. - Funct. Plant Biol. 15: 93-106, 1988. Go to original source...
    12. Evans J.R., Poorter H.: Photosynthetic acclimation of plants to growth irradiance: The relative importance of specific leaf area and nitrogen partitioning in maximizing carbon gain. - Plant Cell Environ. 24: 755-767, 2001. Go to original source...
    13. Fankhauser C., Chory J.: Light control of plant development. - Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 13: 203-229, 1997. Go to original source...
    14. Fazal H., Abbasi B.H., Ahmad N. et al.: Correlation of different spectral lights with biomass accumulation and production of antioxidant secondary metabolites in callus cultures of medicinally important Prunella vulgaris L. - J. Photoch. Photobio. B 159: 1-7, 2016. Go to original source...
    15. Fischer R.A., Rees D., Sayre K.D. et al.: Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies. - Crop Sci. 38: 1467-1475, 1998. Go to original source...
    16. Graamans L., Baeza E., van den Dobbelsteen A. et al.: Plant factories versus greenhouses: Comparison of resource use efficiency. - Agr. Syst. 160: 31-43, 2018. Go to original source...
    17. Hernández R., Kubota C.: Physiological responses of cucumber seedlings under different blue and red photon flux ratios using LEDs. - Environ. Exp. Bot. 121: 66-74, 2016. Go to original source...
    18. Hodges D.M., DeLong J.M., Forney C.F., Prange R.K.: Improving the thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds. - Planta 207: 604-611, 1999. Go to original source...
    19. Hogewoning S.W., Trouwborst G., Maljaars H. et al.: Blue light dose-responses of leaf photosynthesis, morphology, and chemical composition of Cucumis sativus grown under different combinations of red and blue light. - J. Exp. Bot. 61: 3107-3117, 2010. Go to original source...
    20. Ichiro T., Hiroki O., Takashi F., Riichi O.: Light environment within a leaf. II. Progress in the past one-third century. - J. Plant Res. 129: 353-363, 2016. Go to original source...
    21. Ilić Z.S., Fallik E.: Light quality manipulation improves vegetable quality at harvest and postharvest: A review. - Environ. Exp. Bot. 139: 79-90, 2017. Go to original source...
    22. Im C.S., Eberhard S., Huang K. et al.: Phototropin involvement in the expression of genes encoding chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes and LHC apoproteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. - Plant J. 48: 1-16, 2006. Go to original source...
    23. Inoue S.I., Kinoshita T.: Blue light regulation of stomatal opening and the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. - Plant Physiol. 174: 531-538, 2017. Go to original source...
    24. Izzo L.G., Mele B.H., Vitale L. et al.: The role of monochromatic red and blue light in tomato early photomorphogenesis and photosynthetic traits. - Environ. Exp. Bot. 179: 104195, 2020. Go to original source...
    25. Jaleel C.A., Riadh K., Gopi R. et al.: Antioxidant defense responses: Physiological plasticity in higher plants under abiotic constraints. - Acta Physiol. Plant. 31: 427-436, 2009. Go to original source...
    26. Jeong S.W., Hogewoning S.W., van Ieperen W.: Responses of supplemental blue light on flowering and stem extension growth of cut chrysanthemum. - Sci. Hortic.-Amsterdam 165: 69-74, 2014. Go to original source...
    27. Jing X., Wang H., Gong B. et al.: Secondary and sucrose metabolism regulated by different light quality combinations involved in melon tolerance to powdery mildew. - Plant Physiol. Bioch. 124: 77-87, 2018. Go to original source...
    28. Kaiser E., Ouzounis T., Giday H. et al.: Adding blue to red supplemental light increases biomass and yield of greenhouse-grown tomatoes, but only to an optimum. - Front. Plant Sci. 9: 2002, 2019. Go to original source...
    29. Kami C., Lorrain S., Hornitschek P., Fankhauser C.: Light-regulated plant growth and development. - Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 91: 29-66, 2010. Go to original source...
    30. Kaulmann A., Jonville M.C., Schneider Y.J. et al.: Carotenoids, polyphenols and micronutrient profiles of Brassica oleraceae and plum varieties and their contribution to measures of total antioxidant capacity. - Food Chem. 155: 240-250, 2014. Go to original source...
    31. Kim Y.J., Kim H.M., Kim H.M. et al.: Growth and phytochemicals of ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) as affected by various combined ratios of red and blue LEDs in a closed-type plant production system. - J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants 20: 100267, 2021. Go to original source...
    32. Klughammer C., Schreiber U.: An improved method, using saturating light pulses, for the determination of photosystem I quantum yield via P700+-absorbance changes at 830 nm. - Planta 192: 261-268, 1994. Go to original source...
    33. Kozai T.: Why LED lighting for Urban agriculture? - In: Kozai T., Fujiwara K., Runkle E. (ed.): LED Lighting for Urban Agriculture. Pp. 3-18. Springer, Singapore 2016. Go to original source...
    34. Kusuma P., Pattison P.M., Bugbee B.: From physics to fixtures to food: current and potential LED efficacy. - Hortic. Res. 7: 56, 2020. Go to original source...
    35. Lazár D.: Parameters of photosynthetic energy partitioning. - J. Plant Physiol. 175: 131-147, 2015. Go to original source...
    36. Lee J.W., Son K.H., Lee J.H. et al.: Growth and biochemical responses of ice plant irradiated by various visible light spectra in plant factories. - Hortic. Sci. Technol. 37: 598-608, 2019. Go to original source...
    37. Li K., Li Z., Yang Q.: Improving light distribution by zoom lens for electricity savings in a plant factory with light-emitting diodes. - Front. Plant Sci. 7: 92, 2016. Go to original source...
    38. Lin K.H., Huang M.Y., Huang W.D. et al.: The effects of red, blue, and white light-emitting diodes on the growth, development, and edible quality of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata). - Sci. Hortic.-Amsterdam 150: 86-91, 2013. Go to original source...
    39. Liu X., Chen Z., Jahan M.S. et al.: RNA-Seq analysis reveals the growth and photosynthetic responses of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under red and blue LEDs with supplemental yellow, green, or white light. - Hortic. Res. 7: 206, 2020. Go to original source...
    40. Loconsole D., Murillo-Amador B., Cristiano G., De Lucia B.: Halophyte common ice plants: A future solution to arable land salinization. - Sustainability-Basel 11: 6076, 2019. Go to original source...
    41. Matsuda R., Ohashi-Kaneko K., Fujiwara K. et al.: Photosynthetic characteristics of rice leaves grown under red light with or without supplemental blue light. - Plant Cell Physiol. 45: 1870-1874, 2004. Go to original source...
    42. McCree K.J.: The action spectrum, absorptance and quantum yield of photosynthesis in crop plants. - Agr. Meteorol. 9: 191-216, 1971. Go to original source...
    43. Okello R.C.O., de Visser P.H.B., Heuvelink E. et al.: Light mediated regulation of cell division, endoreduplication and cell expansion. - Environ. Exp. Bot. 121: 39-47, 2016. Go to original source...
    44. Ort D.R.: When there is too much light. - Plant Physiol. 125: 29-32, 2001. Go to original source...
    45. Ouzounis T., Fretté X., Rosenqvist E., Ottosen C.-O.: Spectral effects of supplementary lighting on the secondary metabolites in roses, chrysanthemums, and campanulas. - J. Plant Physiol. 171: 1491-1499, 2014. Go to original source...
    46. Paradiso R., Proietti S.: Light-quality manipulation to control plant growth and photomorphogenesis in greenhouse horticulture: the state of the art and the opportunities of modern LED systems. - J. Plant Growth Regul., 2021. (In press) Go to original source...
    47. Pattison P.M., Tsao J.Y., Brainard G.C., Bugbee B.: LEDs for photons, physiology and food. - Nature 563: 493-500, 2018. Go to original source...
    48. Piovene C., Orsini F., Bosi S. et al.: Optimal red:blue ratio in LED lighting for nutraceutical indoor horticulture. - Sci. Hortic.-Amsterdam 193: 202-208, 2015. Go to original source...
    49. Qian H., Liu T., Deng M. et al.: Effects of light quality on main health-promoting compounds and antioxidant capacity of Chinese kale sprouts. - Food Chem. 196: 1232-1238, 2016. Go to original source...
    50. Quiles M.J.: Photoinhibition of photosystems I and II using chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. - J. Biol. Educ. 39: 136-138, 2005. Go to original source...
    51. Rahman S.M.A., Abd-Ellatif S.A., Deraz S.F., Khalil A.A.: Antibacterial activity of some wild medicinal plants collected from western Mediterranean coast, Egypt: Natural alternatives for infectious disease treatment. - Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10: 10733-10743, 2011. Go to original source...
    52. Re R., Pellegrini N., Proteggente A. et al.: Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. - Free Radical Bio. Med. 26: 1231-1237, 1999. Go to original source...
    53. Sánchez-Faure A., Calvo M.M., Pérez-Jiménez J. et al.: Exploring the potential of common iceplant, seaside arrowgrass and sea fennel as edible halophytic plants. - Food Res. Int. 137: 109613, 2020. Go to original source...
    54. Shibaeva T.G., Markovskaya E.F.: Growth and development of cucumber Cucumis sativus L. in the prereproductive period under long photoperiods. - Russ. J. Dev. Biol. 44: 78-85, 2013. Go to original source...
    55. Son K.H., Oh M.M.: Leaf shape, growth, and antioxidant phenolic compounds of two lettuce cultivars grown under various combinations of blue and red light-emitting diodes. - HortScience 48: 988-995, 2013. Go to original source...
    56. Sood S., Gupta V., Tripathy B.C.: Photoregulation of the greening process of wheat seedlings grown in red light. - Plant Mol. Biol. 59: 269-287, 2005. Go to original source...
    57. Thwe A.A., Kim Y.B., Li X. et al.: Effects of light-emitting diodes on expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes and accumulation of phenylpropanoids in Fagopyrum tataricum sprouts. - J. Agr. Food Chem. 62: 4839-4845, 2014. Go to original source...
    58. Vile D., Garnier É., Shipley B. et al.: Specific leaf area and dry matter content estimate thickness in laminar leaves. - Ann. Bot.-London 96: 1129-1136, 2005. Go to original source...
    59. Wang H., Gu M., Cui J. et al.: Effects of light quality on CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll-fluorescence quenching, expression of Calvin cycle genes and carbohydrate accumulation in Cucumis sativus. - J. Photoch. Photobio. B 96: 30-37, 2009. Go to original source...
    60. Wang J., Lu W., Tong Y., Yang Q.: Leaf morphology, photosynthetic performance, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) exposed to different ratios of red light to blue light. - Front. Plant Sci. 7: 250, 2016. Go to original source...
    61. Wellburn A.R., Lichtenthaler H.: Formulae and program to determine total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. - In: Sybesma C. (ed.): Advances in Photosynthesis Research. Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology. Vol. 2. Pp. 9-12. Springer, Dordrecht 1984. Go to original source...
    62. Wu M.C., Hou C.Y., Jiang C.M. et al.: A novel approach of LED light radiation improves the antioxidant activity of pea seedlings. - Food Chem. 101: 1753-1758, 2007. Go to original source...
    63. Ye Z.P., Suggett D.J., Robakowski P., Kang H.J.: A mechanistic model for the photosynthesis-light response based on the photosynthetic electron transport of photosystem II in C3 and C4 species. - New Phytol. 199: 110-120, 2013. Go to original source...
    64. Zhang Y., Kaiser E., Zhang Y. et al.: Red/blue light ratio strongly affects steady-state photosynthesis, but hardly affects photosynthetic induction in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). -Physiol. Plantarum 167: 144-158, 2019. Go to original source...
    65. Zhen S., Haidekker M., van Iersel M.W.: Far-red light enhances photochemical efficiency in a wavelength-dependent manner. - Physiol. Plantarum 167: 21-33, 2019. Go to original source...
    66. Zheng L., Ceusters J., Van Labeke M.-C.: Light quality affects light harvesting and carbon sequestration during the diel cycle of crassulacean acid metabolism in Phalaenopsis. - Photosynth. Res. 141: 195-207, 2019. Go to original source...
    67. Zheng L., Van Labeke M.-C.: Chrysanthemum morphology, photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant capacity are differentially modified by light quality. - J. Plant Physiol. 213: 66-74, 2017. Go to original source...
    68. Zhou W., Liu W., Yang Q.: Reducing nitrate content in lettuce by pre-harvest continuous light delivered by red and blue light-emitting diodes. - J. Plant Nutr. 36: 481-490, 2013. Go to original source...
    69. Zoratti L., Karppinen K., Luengo Escobar A. et al.: Light-controlled flavonoid biosynthesis in fruits. - Front. Plant Sci. 5: 534, 2014. Go to original source...

    Return to the content