Photosynthetica 2023, 61(2):250-263 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2023.021

Photosystems under high light stress: throwing light on mechanism and adaptation

N. SHARMA1, S. NAGAR2, M. THAKUR3, P. SURIYAKUMAR2, S. KATARIA4, A.K. SHANKER5, M. LANDI6, A. ANAND2
1 Department of Basic Sciences, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, 173230 Solan, India
2 Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, 110012 New Delhi, India
3 Department of Basic Sciences, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, 177001 Hamirpur, India
4 School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya University, 452001 Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
5 Division of Crop Sciences, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
6 Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

High light stress decreases the photosynthetic rate in plants due to photooxidative damage to photosynthetic apparatus, photoinhibition of PSII, and/or damage to PSI. The dissipation of excess energy by nonphotochemical quenching and degradation of the D1 protein of PSII and its repair cycle help against photooxidative damage. Light stress also activates stress-responsive nuclear genes through the accumulation of phosphonucleotide-3'-phosphoadenosine- 5'-phosphate, methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate, and reactive oxygen species which comprise the chloroplast retrograde signaling pathway. Additionally, hormones, such as abscisic acid, cytokinin, brassinosteroids, and gibberellins, play a role in acclimation to light fluctuations. Several alternate electron flow mechanisms, which offset the excess of electrons, include activation of plastid or plastoquinol terminal oxidase, cytochrome b6/f complex, cyclic electron flow through PSI, Mehler ascorbate peroxidase pathway or water-water cycle, mitochondrial alternative oxidase pathway, and photorespiration. In this review, we provided insights into high light stress-mediated damage to photosynthetic apparatus and strategies to mitigate the damage by decreasing antennae size, enhancing NPQ through the introduction of mutants, expression of algal proteins to improve photosynthetic rates and engineering ATP synthase.

Additional key words: light stress; nonphotochemical quenching; photodamage; photosystem; reactive oxygen species; signaling.

Received: January 31, 2023; Revised: May 13, 2023; Accepted: May 15, 2023; Prepublished online: May 30, 2023; Published: June 6, 2023  Show citation

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SHARMA, N., NAGAR, S., THAKUR, M., SURIYAKUMAR, P., KATARIA, S., SHANKER, A.K., LANDI, M., & ANAND, A. (2023). Photosystems under high light stress: throwing light on mechanism and adaptation. Photosynthetica, 61(SPECIAL ISSUE 2023/1), 250-263. doi: 10.32615/ps.2023.021
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