Photosynthetica 2024, 62(1):58-70 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2024.004

Exogenous melatonin alleviates nicosulfuron toxicity by regulating the growth, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidative defense of sweet corn seedlings

J.X. HUANG1, Y.B. LIU1, R. XIAO1, T. YU1, T. GUO1, H.W. WANG1, X.L. LV1, X.N. LI2, M. ZHU1, F.H. LI1
1 College of Agronomy, Specialty Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
2 Liaoyuan Farmer Science and Technology Education Center, 136200 Liaoyuan, Jilin Province, China

Improper use of nicosulfuron (NSF) may induce harmful effects on plants during weed control. Melatonin (MT) regulates photosynthetic and physiological processes in plants. This study aimed to explore the effects of MT on alleviating NSF toxicity by measuring the growth parameters, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidative responses in sweet corn seedlings. Compared to NSF alone, exogenous MT increased chlorophyll content, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and maximum efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry, while reduced malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical, and proline contents. Moreover, MT also increased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase and the expression levels of ZmAPX1, ZmAPX2, ZmALS1, and ZmCYP81A9. The inhibition of p-chlorophenylalanine inhibited the positive effects of MT on photosynthetic and physiological indexes. The results indicated that pretreatment with MT might effectively mitigate NSF toxicity in sweet corn seedlings.

Additional key words: antioxidative system; herbicide stress; melatonin; photosystem; sweet corn seedlings.

Received: July 10, 2023; Revised: December 1, 2023; Accepted: January 10, 2024; Prepublished online: January 26, 2024; Published: February 22, 2024  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
HUANG, J.X., LIU, Y.B., XIAO, R., YU, T., GUO, T., WANG, H.W., ... LI, F.H. (2024). Exogenous melatonin alleviates nicosulfuron toxicity by regulating the growth, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidative defense of sweet corn seedlings. Photosynthetica, 62(1), 58-70. doi: 10.32615/ps.2024.004
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    Supplementary files

    Download fileHuang_3043_supplement.docx

    File size: 123.29 kB

    References

    1. Abedi T., Pakniyat H.: Antioxidant enzymes changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). - Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. 46: 27-34, 2010. Go to original source...
    2. Aebi H.: Catalase in vitro. - Method. Enzymol. 105: 121-126, 1984. Go to original source...
    3. Ahmad P., Jaleel C.A., Salem M.A. et al.: Roles of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in plants during abiotic stress. -Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 30: 161-175, 2010. Go to original source...
    4. Ahmad S., Kamran M., Ding R. et al.: Exogenous melatonin confers drought stress by promoting plant growth, photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant defense system of maize seedlings. - PeerJ. 7: e7793, 2019. Go to original source...
    5. Ahmad S., Muhammad I., Wang G.Y. et al.: Ameliorative effect of melatonin improves drought tolerance by regulating growth, photosynthetic traits and leaf ultrastructure of maize seedlings. - BMC Plant Biol. 21: 368, 2021. Go to original source...
    6. Ahmad S., Wang G.Y., Muhammad I. et al.: Application of melatonin-mediated modulation of drought tolerance by regulating photosynthetic efficiency, chloroplast ultrastructure, and endogenous hormones in maize. - Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric. 9: 5, 2022. Go to original source...
    7. Alam P., Balawi T.A., Qadir S.U., Ahmad P.: Gibberellic acid and silicon ameliorate NaCl toxicity in Brassica juncea: possible involvement of antioxidant system and ascorbate-glutathione cycle. - Plants-Basel 12: 1210, 2023. Go to original source...
    8. Al-Huqail A.A., Khan M.N., Ali H.M. et al.: Exogenous melatonin mitigates boron toxicity in wheat. - Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 201: 110822, 2020. Go to original source...
    9. Alscher R.G., Erturk N., Heath L.S.: Role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in controlling oxidative stress in plants. - J. Exp. Bot. 53: 1331-1341, 2002. Go to original source...
    10. Altaf M.A., Hao Y., Shu H. et al.: Melatonin enhanced the heavy metal-stress tolerance of pepper by mitigating the oxidative damage and reducing the heavy metal accumulation. - J. Hazard. Mater. 454: 131468, 2023. Go to original source...
    11. Askari M., Hamid N., Abideen Z. et al.: Exogenous melatonin application stimulates growth, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant potential of white beans under salinity stress. - S. Afr. J. Bot. 160: 219-228, 2023. Go to original source...
    12. Ayyaz A., Amir M., Umer S. et al.: Melatonin induced changes in photosynthetic efficiency as probed by OJIP associated with improved chromium stress tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.). - Heliyon 6: e04364, 2020. Go to original source...
    13. Bambach N., U K.T.P., Gilbert M.E.: A dynamic model of RuBP-regeneration limited photosynthesis accounting for photoinhibition, heat and water stress. - Agr. Forest Meteorol. 285-286: 107911, 2020. Go to original source...
    14. Barand A., Nasibi F., Kalantari K.M., Moradi M.: The effects of foliar application of melatonin on some physiological and biochemical characteristics and expression of fatty acid desaturase gene in pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera L.) under freezing stress. - J. Plant Interact. 15: 257-265, 2020. Go to original source...
    15. Basit F., Bhat J.A., Hu J. et al.: Brassinosteroid supplementation alleviates chromium toxicity in soybean (Glycine max L.) via reducing its translocation. - Plants-Basel 11: 2292, 2022. Go to original source...
    16. Boulahia K., Ould said C., Abrous-Belbachir O.: Exogenous application of salicylic acid improve growth and some physio-biochemical parameters in herbicide stressed Phaseolus vulgaris L. - Gesunde Pflanz. 75: 2301-2318, 2023. Go to original source...
    17. Can H.: Melatonin application at different doses changes the physiological responses in favor of cabbage seedlings (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) against flooding stress. - Gesunde Pflanz. 75: 2733-2745, 2023. Go to original source...
    18. Chen H., Li J., Wang Y. et al.: Residue determination and dietary risk assessment of mesotrione, nicosulfuron, atrazine and its four metabolites in maize in China. - Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 7: 1263879, 2023. Go to original source...
    19. Choe E., Williams II M.M.: Expression and comparison of sweet corn CYP81A9s in relation to nicosulfuron sensitivity. - Pest Manag. Sci. 76: 3012-3019, 2020. Go to original source...
    20. Corbett C.-A.L., Soltani N., Hamill A.S. et al.: Tolerance of three sweet corn hybrids to a postemergence tankmix of nicosulfuron plus bromoxynil. - HortScience 40: 616-619, 2005. Go to original source...
    21. Dey S., Biswas A., Deng Y. et al.: Exogenous melatonin enhances low-temperature stress of jute seedlings through modulation of photosynthesis and antioxidant potential. - Heliyon 9: e19125, 2023. Go to original source...
    22. Dimaano N.G., Iwakami S: Cytochrome P450-mediated herbicide metabolism in plants: current understanding and prospects. - Pest Manag. Sci. 77: 22-32, 2021. Go to original source...
    23. Fathi N., Kazemeini S.A., Alinia M., Mastinu A.: The effect of seed priming with melatonin on improving the tolerance of Zea mays L. var saccharata to paraquat-induced oxidative stress through photosynthetic systems and enzymatic antioxidant activities. - Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 124: 101967, 2023. Go to original source...
    24. Fontem Lum A., Chikoye D., Adesiyan S.O.: Effect of nicosulfuron dosages and timing on the postemergence control of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) in corn. - Weed Technol. 19: 122-127, 2005. Go to original source...
    25. Gill S.S., Tuteja N.: Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. - Plant Physiol. Biochem. 48: 909-930, 2010. Go to original source...
    26. Green J.M., Ulrich J.F.: Response of corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds and hybrids to sulfonylurea herbicides. - Weed Sci. 41: 508-516, 1993. Go to original source...
    27. Greenland R.G.: Injury to vegetable crops from herbicides applied in previous years. - Weed Technol. 17: 73-78, 2003. Go to original source...
    28. Guo Y.Y., Li H.J., Zhao C.F. et al.: Exogenous melatonin improves drought tolerance in maize seedlings by regulating photosynthesis and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. - Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 67: 809-821, 2020. Go to original source...
    29. Hasan Md.K., Ahammed G.J., Yin L. et al.: Melatonin mitigates cadmium phytotoxicity through modulation of phytochelatins biosynthesis, vacuolar sequestration, and antioxidant potential in Solanum lycopersicum L. - Front. Plant Sci. 6: 601, 2015. Go to original source...
    30. Havaux M., Davaud A.: Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in chilled potato leaves is not correlated with a loss of Photosystem-II activity. - Photosynth. Res. 40: 75-92, 1994. Go to original source...
    31. Hodges D.M., DeLong J.M., Forney C.F., Prange R.K.: Improving the thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds. - Planta 207: 604-611, 1999. Go to original source...
    32. Hong Z., Lakkineni K., Zhang Z., Verma D.P.S.: Removal of feedback inhibition of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase results in increased proline accumulation and protection of plants from osmotic stress. - Plant Physiol. 122: 1129-1136, 2000. Go to original source...
    33. Hu D., Zhang X., Xue P. et al.: Exogenous melatonin ameliorates heat damages by regulating growth, photosynthetic efficiency and leaf ultrastructure of carnation. - Plant Physiol. Biochem. 198: 107698, 2023. Go to original source...
    34. Hu W., Tie W., Ou W. et al.: Crosstalk between calcium and melatonin affects postharvest physiological deterioration and quality loss in cassava. - Postharvest Biol. Tec. 140: 42-49, 2018. Go to original source...
    35. Huang B., Chen Y.-E., Zhao Y.-Q. et al.: Exogenous melatonin alleviates oxidative damages and protects photosystem II in maize seedlings under drought stress. - Front. Plant Sci. 10: 677, 2019. Go to original source...
    36. Hussain H.A., Men S., Hussain S. et al.: Interactive effects of drought and heat stresses on morpho-physiological attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and oxidative status in maize hybrids. - Sci. Rep.-UK 9: 3890, 2019. Go to original source...
    37. Jahan M.S., Zhao C.J., Shi L.B. et al.: Physiological mechanism of melatonin attenuating to osmotic stress tolerance in soybean seedlings. - Front. Plant Sci. 14: 1193666, 2023. Go to original source...
    38. Kaya A., Doganlar Z.B.: Melatonin improves the multiple stress tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum). - Sci. Hortic.-Amsterdam 256: 108509, 2019. Go to original source...
    39. Kaya C., Okant M., Ugurlar F. et al.: Melatonin-mediated nitric oxide improves tolerance to cadmium toxicity by reducing oxidative stress in wheat plants. - Chemosphere 225: 627-638, 2019. Go to original source...
    40. Khan M.Q.N., Sevgin N., Rizwana H., Arif N.: Exogenous melatonin mitigates the adverse effects of drought stress in strawberry by upregulating the antioxidant defense system. - S. Afr. J. Bot. 162: 658-666, 2023. Go to original source...
    41. Khanna K., Bhardwaj R., Alam P. et al.: Phytomelatonin: A master regulator for plant oxidative stress management. - Plant Physiol. Biochem. 196: 260-269, 2023. Go to original source...
    42. Kohli S.K., Khanna K., Bhardwaj R. et al.: Assessment of subcellular ROS and NO metabolism in higher plants: multifunctional signaling molecules. - Antioxidants 8: 641, 2019. Go to original source...
    43. Kramer D.M., Johnson G., Kiirats O., Edwards G.E.: New fluorescence parameters for the determination of QA redox state and excitation energy fluxes. - Photosynth. Res. 79: 209-218, 2004. Go to original source...
    44. Kuppusamy A., Alagarswamy S., Karuppusami K.M. et al.: Melatonin enhances the photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities of mung bean under drought and high-temperature stress conditions. - Plants-Basel 12: 2535, 2023. Go to original source...
    45. Lazar D., Murch S.J., Beilby M.J., Al Khazaaly S.: Exogenous melatonin affects photosynthesis in characeae Chara australis. - Plant Signal. Behav. 8: e23279, 2013. Go to original source...
    46. Li J., Liu Y., Zhang M. et al.: Melatonin increases growth and salt tolerance of Limonium bicolor by improving photosynthetic and antioxidant capacity. - BMC Plant Biol. 22: 16, 2022. Go to original source...
    47. Li J., Yang Y., Sun K. et al.: Exogenous melatonin enhances cold, salt and drought stress tolerance by improving antioxidant defense in tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). - Molecules 24: 1826, 2019. Go to original source...
    48. Li Y.-F., Huang L.-L., Liu X.-L. et al.: Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates halosulfuron-methyl toxicity by coordinating the antioxidant system and improving photosynthesis in soybean (Glycine max Merr.). - Acta Physiol. Plant. 42: 85, 2020. Go to original source...
    49. Lichtenthaler H.K., Wellburn A.R.: Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. - Biochem. Soc. T. 11: 591-592, 1983. Go to original source...
    50. Lin S., Song X.-F., Mao H.-T. et al.: Exogenous melatonin improved photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II by reversible phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins in wheat under osmotic stress. - Front. Plant Sci. 13: 966181, 2022. Go to original source...
    51. Liu J., Zhang R., Sun Y. et al.: The beneficial effects of exogenous melatonin on tomato fruit properties. - Sci. Hortic.-Amsterdam 207: 14-20, 2016. Go to original source...
    52. Liu N., Li J., Lv J. et al.: Melatonin alleviates imidacloprid phytotoxicity to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through modulating redox homeostasis in plants and promoting its metabolism by enhancing glutathione dependent detoxification. - Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 217: 112248, 2021. Go to original source...
    53. Liu S., He Y., Tian H. et al.: Application of brassinosteroid mimetics improves growth and tolerance of maize to nicosulfuron toxicity. - J. Plant Growth Regul. 38: 701-712, 2019. Go to original source...
    54. Liu X., Xu X., Li B. et al.: RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis of maize inbred carrying nicosulfuron-tolerant and nicosulfuron-susceptible alleles. - Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16: 5975-5989, 2015. Go to original source...
    55. Mahajan S., Tuteja N.: Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. - Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 444: 139-158, 2005. Go to original source...
    56. Mittler R.: Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. - Trends Plant Sci. 7: 405-410, 2002. Go to original source...
    57. Muhammad I., Yang L., Ahmad S. et al.: Melatonin-priming enhances maize seedling drought tolerance by regulating the antioxidant defense system. - Plant Physiol. 191: 2301-2315, 2023. Go to original source...
    58. Murata N., Takahashi S., Nishiyama Y., Allakhverdiev S.I.: Photoinhibition of photosystem II under environmental stress. - BBA-Bioenergetics 1767: 414-421, 2007. Go to original source...
    59. Nakano Y., Asada K.: Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. - Plant Cell Physiol. 22: 867-880, 1981.
    60. Namdjoyan S., Soorki A.A., Elyasi N. et al.: Melatonin alleviates lead-induced oxidative damage in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seedlings. - Ecotoxicology 29: 108-118, 2020. Go to original source...
    61. Niu M., Zhao T., Xu D. et al.: Physiological responses of Chionanthus retusus seedlings to drought and waterlogging stresses. - Forests 14: 429, 2023. Go to original source...
    62. Nordby J.N., Williams II M.M., Pataky J.K. et al.: A common genetic basis in sweet corn inbred Cr1 for cross sensitivity to multiple cytochrome P450-metabolized herbicides. - Weed Sci. 56: 376-382, 2008. Go to original source...
    63. Nurjanah U., Memed, Setyowati N. et al.: Effect of planting patterns and mulch types on weed growth and yield of sweet corn and red bean. - Int. J. Plant Soil Sci. 35: 37-45, 2023. Go to original source...
    64. Ou C., Cheng W., Wang Z. et al.: Exogenous melatonin enhances Cd stress tolerance in Platycladus orientalis seedlings by improving mineral nutrient uptake and oxidative stress. - Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 252: 114619, 2023. Go to original source...
    65. Paul A., Mondal S., Pal A. et al.: Seed priming with NaCl helps to improve tissue tolerance, potassium retention ability of plants, and protects the photosynthetic ability in two different legumes, chickpea and lentil, under salt stress. - Planta 257: 111, 2023. Go to original source...
    66. Raja V., Qadir S.U., Kumar N. et al.: Melatonin and strigolactone mitigate chromium toxicity through modulation of ascorbate-glutathione pathway and gene expression in tomato. - Plant Physiol. Biochem. 201: 107872, 2023. Go to original source...
    67. Ramasamy K., Karuppasami K.M., Alagarswamy S. et al.: Role of melatonin in directing plant physiology. - Agronomy 13: 2405, 2023. Go to original source...
    68. Rao M.V., Paliyath G., Ormrod D.P.: Ultraviolet-B- and ozone-induced biochemical changes in antioxidant enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana. - Plant Physiol. 110: 125-136, 1996. Go to original source...
    69. Ren J., Ye J., Yin L. et al.: Exogenous melatonin improves salt tolerance by mitigating osmotic, ion, and oxidative stresses in maize seedlings. - Agronomy 10: 663, 2020. Go to original source...
    70. Rey-Caballero J., Menéndez J., Giné-Bordonaba J. et al.: Unravelling the resistance mechanisms to 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas). - Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 133: 67-72, 2016. Go to original source...
    71. Robinson D.K., Monks D.W., Schultheis J.R.: Effect of nicosulfuron applied postemergence and post-directed on sweet corn (Zea mays) tolerance. - Weed Technol. 8: 630-634, 1994. Go to original source...
    72. Robinson D.K., Monks D.W., Schultheis J.R., Worsham A.D.: Sweet corn (Zea mays) cultivar tolerance to application timing of nicosulfuron. - Weed Technol. 7: 840-843, 1993. Go to original source...
    73. Ros-Barceló A., Pomar F., López-Serrano M. et al.: Developmental regulation of the H2O2-producing system and of a basic peroxidase isoenzyme in the Zinnia elegans lignifying xylem. - Plant Physiol. Biochem. 40: 325-332, 2002. Go to original source...
    74. Schützendübel A., Polle A.: Plant responses to abiotic stresses: heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorrhization. - J. Exp. Bot. 53: 1351-1365, 2002. Go to original source...
    75. Sharma A., Wang J., Xu D. et al.: Melatonin regulates the functional components of photosynthesis, antioxidant system, gene expression, and metabolic pathways to induce drought resistance in grafted Carya cathayensis plants. - Sci. Total Environ. 713: 136675, 2020. Go to original source...
    76. Sharma S.S., Dietz K.-J.: The significance of amino acids and amino acid-derived molecules in plant responses and adaptation to heavy metal stress. - J. Exp. Bot. 57: 711-726, 2006. Go to original source...
    77. Sher A., Hassan M.U., Sattar A. et al.: Exogenous application of melatonin alleviates the drought stress by regulating the antioxidant systems and sugar contents in sorghum seedlings. - Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 107: 104620, 2023. Go to original source...
    78. Shi R.-J., Ye M.-Y., Liu Y. et al.: Exogenous melatonin regulates physiological responses and active ingredient levels in Polygonum cuspidatum under drought stress. - Plants-Basel 12: 2141, 2023. Go to original source...
    79. Siddiqui M.H., Alamri S., Al-Khaishany M.Y. et al.: Exogenous melatonin counteracts NaCl-induced damage by regulating the antioxidant system, proline and carbohydrates metabolism in tomato seedlings. - Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20: 353, 2019. Go to original source...
    80. Siminszky B.: Plant cytochrome P450-mediated herbicide metabolism. - Phytochem. Rev. 5: 445-458, 2006. Go to original source...
    81. Su X., Xin L., Li Z. et al.: Physiology and transcriptome analyses reveal a protective effect of the radical scavenger melatonin in aging maize seeds. - Free Radical Res. 52: 1094-1109, 2018. Go to original source...
    82. Sun C., Meng S., Wang B. et al.: Exogenous melatonin enhances tomato heat resistance by regulating photosynthetic electron flux and maintaining ROS homeostasis. - Plant Physiol. Biochem. 196: 197-209, 2023. Go to original source...
    83. Sun L., Wu R., Su W. et al.: Physiological basis for isoxadifen-ethyl induction of nicosulfuron detoxification in maize hybrids. - PLoS ONE 12: e0173502, 2017. Go to original source...
    84. Szafrañska K., Reiter R.J., Posmyk M.M.: Melatonin improves the photosynthetic apparatus in pea leaves stressed by paraquat via chlorophyll breakdown regulation and its accelerated de novo synthesis. - Front. Plant Sci. 8: 878, 2017. Go to original source...
    85. Tang M., Xu L., Wang Y. et al.: Melatonin-induced DNA demethylation of metal transporters and antioxidant genes alleviates lead stress in radish plants. - Hortic. Res. 8: 124, 2021. Go to original source...
    86. Tao B., Su S.Q.: [Study on tolerance of crops to sulfonylurea herbicides.] - J. Northeast Agric. Univ. 26: 105-110, 1995. [In Chinese]
    87. Troll W., Lindsley J.: A photometric method for the determination of proline. - J. Biol. Chem. 215: 655-660, 1955. Go to original source...
    88. Vafadar F., Amooaghaie R., Ehsanzadeh P. et al.: Crosstalk between melatonin and Ca2+/CaM evokes systemic salt tolerance in Dracocephalum kotschyi. - J. Plant Physiol. 252: 153237, 2020. Go to original source...
    89. Wang D.Y., Wang J., Shi S.H. et al.: Exogenous melatonin ameliorates salinity-induced oxidative stress and improves photosynthetic capacity in sweet corn seedlings. - Photosynthetica 59: 327-336, 2021a. Go to original source...
    90. Wang J., Gao H., Guo Z. et al.: Adaptation responses in C4 photosynthesis of sweet maize (Zea mays L.) exposed to nicosulfuron. - Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 214: 112096, 2021c. Go to original source...
    91. Wang J., Shi S.H., Wang D.Y. et al.: Exogenous salicylic acid ameliorates waterlogging stress damages and improves photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidative defense system in waxy corn. - Photosynthetica 59: 84-94, 2021b. Go to original source...
    92. Wang J., Zhong X., Zhu K. et al.: Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activity, and gene expression patterns in a pair of nearly isogenic lines of nicosulfuron-exposed waxy maize (Zea mays L.). - Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25: 19012-19027, 2018. Go to original source...
    93. Wang L., Riaz M., Song B. et al.: Study on phytotoxicity evaluation and physiological properties of nicosulfuron on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). - Front. Plant Sci. 13: 998867, 2022. Go to original source...
    94. Wang X., Hu W., Li Y. et al.: Cytochrome P450s-involved enhanced metabolism contributes to the high level of nicosulfuron resistance in Digitaria sanguinalis from China. - Biology 12: 1192, 2023. Go to original source...
    95. Wang Z.X., Chen L., Ai J. et al.: Photosynthesis and activity of photosystem II in response to drought stress in Amur Grape (Vitis amurensis Rupr.). - Photosynthetica 50: 189-196, 2012. Go to original source...
    96. Wu C., Cao S., Xie K. et al.: Melatonin delays yellowing of broccoli during storage by regulating chlorophyll catabolism and maintaining chloroplast ultrastructure. - Postharvest Biol. Tec. 172: 111378, 2021. Go to original source...
    97. Wu Z.-X., Xu N.-W., Yang M. et al.: Responses of photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes, and related gene expression to nicosulfuron stress in sweet maize (Zea mays L.). - Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29: 37248-37265, 2022. Go to original source...
    98. Yan F., Zhang J., Li W. et al.: Exogenous melatonin alleviates salt stress by improving leaf photosynthesis in rice seedlings. -Plant Physiol. Biochem. 163: 367-375, 2021. Go to original source...
    99. Yang H., Dai L., Wei Y. et al.: Melatonin enhances salt stress tolerance in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) seedlings. - Ind. Crop. Prod. 145: 111990, 2020. Go to original source...
    100. Yasmeen S., Wahab A., Saleem M.H. et al.: Melatonin as a foliar application and adaptation in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) crops under drought stress. - Sustainability 14: 16345, 2022. Go to original source...
    101. Yin L., Wang P., Li M. et al.: Exogenous melatonin improves Malus resistance to Marssonina apple blotch. - J. Pineal Res. 54: 426-434, 2013. Go to original source...
    102. Yin Y.-L., Xu Y.-N., Li X.-N. et al.: Physiological integration between Bermudagrass ramets improves overall salt resistance under heterogeneous salt stress. - Physiol. Plantarum 174: e13655, 2022. Go to original source...
    103. Yuan J.S., Tranel P.J., Stewart C.N.: Non-target-site herbicide resistance: a family business. - Trends Plant Sci. 12: 6-13, 2007. Go to original source...
    104. Zhang M., He S., Zhan Y.et al.: Exogenous melatonin reduces the inhibitory effect of osmotic stress on photosynthesis in soybean. - PLoS ONE 14: e0226542, 2019b. Go to original source...
    105. Zhang Q., Liu X., Zhang Z. et al.: Melatonin improved waterlogging tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by reprogramming polyamine and ethylene metabolism. - Front. Plant Sci. 10: 44, 2019a. Go to original source...
    106. Zhang S., Zheng X., Reiter R.J. et al.: Melatonin attenuates potato late blight by disrupting cell growth, stress tolerance, fungicide susceptibility and homeostasis of gene expression in Phytophthora infestans. - Front. Plant Sci. 8: 1993, 2017. Go to original source...
    107. Zhao N., Sun Y., Wang D.Y. et al.: [Effects of exogenous melatonin on nitrogen metabolism in cucumber seedlings under high temperature stress.] - Plant Physiol. J. 48: 557-564, 2012 [In Chinese]
    108. Zoufan P., Bavani M.R.Z., Tousi S., Rahnama A.: Effect of exogenous melatonin on improvement of chlorophyll content and photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in mallow plants (Malva parviflora L.) treated with cadmium. - Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 29: 145-157, 2023. Go to original source...
    109. Zulfiqar F., Moosa A., Ferrante A. et al.: Exogenous foliar application of melatonin mitigates salt induced oxidative stress and promotes growth in Gerbera jamosonii. - S. Afr. J. Bot. 161: 678-684, 2023. Go to original source...

    Return to the content