Exogenous melatonin enhances drought tolerance and secondary-metabolite accumulation in Paeonia ostii 'Fengdan' in association with improved PSI-PSII photochemical coordination

L.X. ZHANG, B. ZHANG, Y.M. SUN, X.L. ZHAO, Z. WANG, Q.M. ZHANG, K.K. ZHAO, X.F. LI, X.G. HOU, Q.S. CHANG

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(3):245-257 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.034  

Drought limits the growth of Paeonia ostii 'Fengdan'. While melatonin (MT) is known to enhance general drought tolerance, its association with Photosystem I-Photosystem II (PSI-PSII) photochemical coordination and secondary-metabolite accumulation in P. ostii remains unclear. We foliar-sprayed potted plants under simulated drought with 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μmol(MT) L^-1. Drought induced severe oxidative damage, impaired photosynthesis, and disrupted photochemical coordination between PSI and PSII. Among all treatments, 100 μmol(MT) L^-1 proved the most effective. It coincided with reduced reactive oxygen...

Quantification of spatial heterogeneity of different chlorophyll fluorescence parameters over tomato leaf areas affected by Cd²⁺ stress

D. GIORDANO, A. SAADATI, A.M. ASHRAFI, L. RICHTERA, M. BARTÁK

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(3):232-244 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.035  

Cadmium impairs plant growth by inducing oxidative damage through excessive ROS production. Sulfur and nitrogen supplementation can affect Cd mobility, uptake, and toxicity. This study quantifies the spatial heterogeneity of Cd-induced photochemical limitation in Solanum lycopersicum leaves using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, and examines Cd²⁺ distribution in roots, stems, and leaves of hydroponic plants treated with ammonium sulfate. We assessed four treatments: control, ammonium sulfate (5 mM), cadmium (100 µM CdCl₂), and their combination, using fluorescence imaging, the JIP-test, and polarography. Cd stress...

Determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid content in Mediterranean riparian forest species using visible spectroscopy

M. MARTÍNEZ MENA, M.D.L. SOTO ROSALES, D. GARCÍA DE JALÓN

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(3):223-231 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.033  

Leaf-level optical measurements are essential for monitoring Mediterranean riparian forests. This study used visible spectroscopy (400-750 nm) to determine and quantify leaf pigments in five species: Salix salviifolia, Fraxinus angustifolia, Alnus glutinosa, Populus nigra, and Prunus avium. We followed Hansmann's method for sample processing and quantified chlorophyll using Arnon's equation. We collected samples from sun-exposed leaves in spring under standardized conditions. Results indicated that Alnus glutinosa and Populus nigra exhibited the highest chlorophyll a concentrations [1.35 and 1.29...

Validation of the newly developed PlantECG fluorometer against three established chlorophyll fluorescence devices under progressive drought stress in pepper, tomato, and strawberry plants

H.M. KALAJI, P. DĄBROWSKI, A. AURIGA

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(3):210-222 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.031  

Comparing chlorophyll fluorescence data across different fluorometers remains challenging. We compared the new PlantECG fluorometer with PocketPEA, HandyPEA, and FluorPen in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under progressive drought (0-96 h without irrigation). The maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F_V/F_M) measured by PlantECG correlated strongly with all reference devices (R² = 0.72-0.98), although PlantECG slightly overestimated F_V/F_M...

Organic compounds as Photosystem II inhibitors and Cu²⁺ ligands: insights from primary screening

M.S. SHABANOVA, E.V. ZADNEPROVSKAYA, S.K. ZHARMUKHAMEDOV, R.G. VASILOV, M.S. KARACAN, S.I. ALLAKHVERDIEV

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(3):200-209 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.032  

The search for novel organic compounds as PSII inhibitors and copper (Cu²⁺) ligands addresses key agricultural challenges. Three novel compounds were synthesized and evaluated for PSII photochemical activity inhibition and Cu²⁺-chelating ability. Primary screening was performed by recording effects on minimal and maximal chlorophyll fluorescence levels in isolated thylakoids. Testing employed both direct (thylakoids + Cu²⁺ + compound) and reverse (thylakoids + compound + Cu²⁺) addition sequences, with measurements performed under short illumination (<10 s) to avoid photodynamic artifacts. The tested compounds...

Environmental conditions dictate the long-term photosynthetic and developmental response of lettuce to cold plasma priming

K. ŠEDIVÁ, P. KÚR, J. MATOUŠEK, H. AUER MALINSKÁ

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(3):186-199 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.030  

Cold plasma (CP) seed treatment is a promising non-chemical priming technique, yet its long-term physiological effects remain poorly understood and highly context-dependent. This study evaluated CP treatment (50-150 W) on lettuce seeds grown under controlled phytotron and semi-controlled greenhouse conditions. Germination kinetics, flowering dynamics, shoot biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence (OJIP), and leaf reflectance indices were assessed. CP consistently accelerated germination compared with the untreated control, with only minor differences among plasma power levels. Under stable phytotron conditions, higher plasma power (100-150 W) delayed flowering,...

Plant stress detection through a chlorophyll content-dependent relationship between F_v/F_m and the photochemical reflectance index

D. OH, J.-H. RYU, K.-M. KIM, H. JEONG, H.-D. MOON, H. KIM, S. CHOI, B.-K. KIM, H. WON, H. YANG, J. CHO

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(3):178-185 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.028  

Optical sensing for plant stress detection requires physiologically relevant indices. F_v/F_m, representing the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry, quantifies stress across species but requires dark adaptation, limiting field application. Photochemical reflectance index (PRI), a reflectance-based indicator of xanthophyll cycle activity, can be remotely measured, but its irregular variation complicates interpretation. Paddy rice was grown in temperature-gradient field chambers to evaluate F_v/F_m, PRI, and SPAD (soil-plant analysis development). Changes in F_v/F_m were associated...

Full-length transcriptome and RNA-Seq analyses reveal the molecular mechanism of light protection in Hosta ventricosa

X.J. QU, D.Y. CHE, X.H. JIANG, S.Q. LI, H.Z. LIU

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(3):164-177 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.025  

Hosta ventricosa is a popular shade-tolerant ornamental perennial vulnerable to high light, whose molecular mechanisms of high-light stress response remain unclear. To clarify this, we measured leaf morphology, photosynthetic physiology, and performed integrated analyses using PacBio full-length and Illumina transcriptome sequencing on plants under full sunlight (FS), moderate shade (MS), and deep shade (DS) treatments. The results indicated that MS showed optimal growth, whereas FS and DS inhibited growth, each associated with distinct gene expression profiles. High light induced VDE by 5.68-fold to activate the xanthophyll cycle and...

From water deficit to growth suppression: meta-analytic evidence for a functional hierarchy of drought adaptation in Hippophae rhamnoides

X.Y. SHI, Y. ZHAO, Y.E. BAI, D.M. YE, W.B. JIA, X.H. LI, Y.H. HE, H. LI

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(3):148-163 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.023  

Drought constrains shrub establishment and persistence in arid and semi-arid restoration systems. Although Hippophae rhamnoides is widely planted in northern China, its drought responses vary among studies, hindering the identification of stable indicators. We synthesized 3,855 treatment-control comparisons from 49 controlled experiments across 12 Chinese provinces using random-effects meta-analysis and structural equation modeling. Results showed that drought adaptation in H. rhamnoides follows a functional cascade. Water status and membrane stability were the most consistent early constraints, followed by strong suppression of photosynthetic...

The tolerance of Sphagneticola trilobata and its hybrid to cadmium stress

Q.L. ZHANG, Y. WANG, G.X. CHEN, X.W. ZHENG, N. WANG

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(3):140-147 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.026  

During the invasion process, Sphagneticola trilobata produced a hybrid with native species. In this study, the adaptability of S. trilobata and its hybrid was investigated under cadmium (Cd) stress. Results showed that the net photosynthetic rate and maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry of S. trilobata leaves were significantly lower than those in the hybrid, while malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage were significantly higher than those in the hybrid. The accumulation of Cd in the hybrid was significantly higher than that in S. trilobata, and more active detoxification strategies were shown in the hybrid. The...

A tribute to Ion C. Baianu (18 August 1947-10 February 2013):his 1982-1984 contributions to oxygenic photosynthesis

G. GOVINDJEE, A. STIRBET

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(3):137-139 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.027  

Here we present the 1982-1984 collaborative research of Ion C. Baianu (18 August 1947-10 February 2013) with one of the authors (Govindjee) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign on the role of chloride in Photosystem II. Then, we provide a brief presentation of his general academic and research legacy.

Physiological mechanism by which exogenous salicylic acid alleviates salt stress injury in Osmanthus fragrans seedlings

C.Y. GUO, E.Y. XUE, C.J. MENG, X.C. DU, J.D. ZHANG, M. YUE

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(2):126-136 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.014  

Salicylic acid (SA) mitigates salt stress in plants, yet its combined effects with salinity on Osmanthus fragrans remain unstudied. O. fragrans is a key Chinese ornamental tree, whose growth and use are restricted by salinization. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of SA application on O. fragrans under salt stress. O. fragrans seedlings were subjected to NaCl, SA, and NaCl+SA treatments, and their physiological and growth responses to salt stress were examined. Under NaCl, plant height, leaf mass per area, photosynthetic rate, and pigments of O. fragrans decreased by 29.5, 20.6, 42.2, and 29.2%, respectively....

Happy 95^th birthday to Pierre Joliot, a brilliant scientist and a wonderful friend

G. GOVINDJEE, B.D. BRUCE

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(2):119-125 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.019  

It is both a privilege and a pleasure to celebrate the upcoming 95^th birthday of Pierre Joliot, one of the most influential figures in modern photosynthesis research. Across more than seven decades of scientific activity, Pierre has transformed our understanding of oxygenic photosynthesis through pioneering studies of oxygen evolution, excitation-energy transfer, photosynthetic electron transport, and membrane bioenergetics. His discoveries helped establish fundamental concepts that continue to guide contemporary research, including the now-classic period-four oscillation of oxygen evolution and the mechanistic framework underlying the Kok-Joliot...

Effect of LED spectra on growth, physiology, and biochemical profiles of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

N.H. NGUYEN, Q. PHAN, H.T.T. CHU, Q.C. TONG, T.T.H. HOANG, T.Q. TRAN, B.N. BUI, T.V. NGUYEN, Q.T. HO, H.H. CHU, P.T. DO

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(2):110-118 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.018  

The effects of the light-emitting diode (LED) spectra on plant growth, flowering, and phytochemical accumulation of African marigold were assessed under controlled conditions. The combination of white, blue, and red LEDs prolonged the time to flower by up to 20 d compared to full white LEDs and other light treatments. The white LEDs are an insufficient lighting condition for marigold growth, indicated by the lower plant and flower biomass. The dichromatic blue-red light and the white-blue-red (WBR) light were most suitable for marigold growth, biomass production, as well as flower quantity and quality. In addition, the highest contents of flavonoids...

Drought stress-induced changes in PSII functioning in ecologically contrasting plants: chlorophyll fluorescence study of poikilohydric and homoiohydric species

J. HÁJEK, A. PUHOVKIN, J. LANG, S.I. UL HAQ, M. BERNATOVÁ, D. GIORDANO, J. SEKERÁK JR., M. BARTÁK

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(2):95-109 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.012  

Dehydration reduces photosynthetic performance in leaves and other photosynthetic organs in response to drought. This decline is linked to changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, which reflects reduced photosystem II activity and increased protective non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). This study examined NPQ dynamics during desiccation across diverse species, including lichens, mosses, conifers, crops, and C₃ and C₄ plants, using the method of NPQ induction and relaxation curves. Gradual dehydration from a full-hydration state (RWC 100%) to complete dryness (RWC 0%) was applied in order to compare poikilohydric and homoiohydric species....

Revealing differences in the invasiveness of Sphagneticola trilobata under different light environments based on physiological and morphological plasticity

X.T. ZHENG, H. ZHU, Y.Z. ZHENG, Y.S. WANG, M. DING, J.X. WANG, Z.C. YU

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(2):82-94 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.009  

Studies of the physiological and morphological characteristics of invasive plants contribute to understanding their invasive capacity. However, it remains unclear whether the same invasive plant species relies equally on morphological and physiological traits to enhance its invasiveness potential across different light habitats. In this study, the invasive plant Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski was used to examine eight morphological traits and nine physiological traits of the leaf under contrasting light conditions. Results revealed that under full light, growth, biomass, and all physiological traits, as well as most morphological traits...

Exploring prediction mechanisms for temperature-induced variation in maximum carboxylation rate from spectral reflectance across 450-850 nm in cucumber leaves

T. SHIBATA, H. YAMAGUCHI, S. KUBOTA, D. YASUTAKE, T. HIROTA, G. YOKOYAMA

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(2):73-81 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.006  

Leaf spectral reflectance across 450-850 nm has been shown to predict maximum carboxylation rate (V_cmax), which varies with leaf temperature (T_leaf). However, the mechanism by which temperature-induced variation in V_cmax is predicted from reflectance remains unclear. The objective of this study was to explore this mechanism using spectral reflectance across 450-850 nm. We measured V_cmax across a range of T_leaf (18-31°C) and reflectance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaves. Partial least squares regression models moderately predicted V_cmax...

Photosynthetic responses and growth dynamics of Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) Kuntze (Arecaceae) in a chronosequence in a Restinga restoration area

A.J.G. JÚNIOR, M.M. MENDES, F.R. PIRES, A.A. FERNANDES, A.R. FALQUETO, L.F.T.D. MENEZES

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(2):64-72 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.001  

Knowledge about plant species' growth dynamics is essential in restoring degraded environments. In this study, we evaluated the growth dynamics of Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) Kuntze in a chronosequence of plantations in the Restinga. The sampling was taken from three populations with different planting ages (n = 12): group GI - 8 months; GII - 4 years; GIII - 7 years. We analyzed biometric measurements, leaf traits, photosynthetic pigments, and chlorophyll a fluorescence. The GI group's maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry was significantly higher. On the other hand, the energy dissipation by heat was significantly...

Exploring the differences in the invasion potential of Sphagneticola trilobata in three invasive habitats based on photosynthetic and photoprotective capacities

Z.C. YU, H. ZHU, Y.Z. ZHENG, S.Y. YU, Y.F. LIU, X.L. LIN, C.L. PENG, X.T. ZHENG

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(1):52-63 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.005  

Few studies have simultaneously assessed the growth characteristics and invasion potential of invasive plants in different habitats by integrating photosynthetic physiology with photoprotective strategies. In this study, we compared the growth, photosynthetic physiology, and photoprotective strategies of the widespread invasive plant Sphagneticola trilobata in three representative habitats: farmland, woodland, and riverside. Our results showed that S. trilobata exhibited the highest growth performance in farmland, which correlated with the highest net photosynthetic rate, electron transfer rate, and antioxidant substances. Plants from...

Elucidating copper ion interactions with carbonic anhydrase: insights from fluorescence quenching and thermodynamic analysis

M.S. SHABANOVA, I.M. HUSEYNOVA, S.K. ZHARMUKHAMEDOV, S.I. ALLAKHVERDIEV

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(1):43-51 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.004  

Plant carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are essential metalloenzymes catalyzing reversible hydration of CO₂ to HCO₃⁻, thereby optimizing photosynthetic efficiency and carbon fixation in plants. They facilitate CO₂ delivery to Rubisco, enhance carbon assimilation, and play a role in plant responses to stresses (such as drought, high salinity) by modulating stomatal conductance and internal CO₂ concentrations. Despite the well-established physiological importance of plant CAs, the influence of metal ions, particularly copper (Cu²⁺), on their structure and activity remains inadequately understood....

Characteristics of photosynthetic function in different leaf ages of 'Tieton' sweet cherry in a greenhouse

J.Y. AI, F. CAI, Y. CHEN, M.L. HE, C. LUO, Q.J. ZHANG

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(1):36-42 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.003  

To clarify the stages of leaf growth and development, the young leaf stage was identified at 0-20 d after emergence (DAE). The functional stage was at 20-100 DAE, with the highest functional point at 80 DAE. The leaf aging stage occurred at 100-220 DAE. During the functional stage of leaf development, optimal photosynthetic parameters and anatomical structures were achieved; the leaf area (LA) was at its largest, and the thickening rate of the palisade parenchyma was the fastest. The palisade parenchyma and LA were closely related to photosynthetic characteristics. Stomatal opening and closing, and stomatal density were greater in the functional stage...

Impact of tetraploidization on morphophysiological leaf traits in the drought tolerant 'de Ramellet' tomato landrace

P. CERDÁ-BENNASSER, M. FULLANA-PERICÀS, P. AGUILÓ-NICOLAU, J. PELLICER, J. GALMÉS, M.À. CONESA

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(1):26-35 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2026.002  

Tetraploidization was induced in the drought-tolerant tomato landrace 'de Ramellet' to evaluate its physiological and anatomical response under well-watered (WW) and water-deficient (WD) conditions. Under WW, tetraploid plants exhibited approximately 40% lower stomatal density and approximately 80% larger stomata than diploids. Net photosynthetic rate (P_N), intrinsic water-use efficiency, and intercellular CO₂ concentration remained unchanged between diploids and tetraploids. Under WD, both genotypes reduced P_N and stomatal conductance by similar proportions; however, only diploids decreased leaf area...

A reexamination of the Kitajima and Butler (1975) model for relating chlorophyll a fluorescence to photochemistry

I.V. KONYUKHOV, A. STIRBET, A.B. RUBIN, G. GOVINDJEE

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(1):12-25 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2025.038  

The main assumptions of the well-known Kitajima and Butler (1975) model, describing the relationship between the ratio of the maximum variable chlorophyll a fluorescence to the maximum fluorescence (F_V/F_M) and the photochemical quantum yield of PSII (Φ_Po), have been analyzed. Using the experimental data from the literature, potential "weak points" of this model are discussed, as well as the reasons for the differences between the F_V/F_M values and the actual Φ_Po values. Special attention is focused on the fluorescence measurement procedures using the saturating single...

Characterizing the CO₂-response curve in photosynthesis and photorespiration: an innovative model for C₃ plant species

H.-J. KANG, T. AN, X.-L. YANG, Z.-P. YE, F.-B. WANG

Photosynthetica 2026, 64(1):1-11 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2025.030  

We introduce a novel model for characterizing the CO₂-response curve in photosynthesis, addressing the limitations of the Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry (FvCB) model by providing a more comprehensive framework for understanding photosynthetic responses to varying CO₂ concentrations in C₃ plants. The FvCB model, while instrumental in interpreting the photosynthetic response to CO₂, does not directly estimate critical parameters such as maximum net photosynthetic rate, transit point from RuBP- to TPU-limited photosynthesis, and the CO₂ compensation point in the presence of day respiration (R_day)....

Twenty years of the International Conferences on Photosynthesis and Hydrogen Energy Research for Sustainability

A.W.D. LARKUM, R. SUBRAMANYAM, G. GOVINDJEE, S.I. ALLAKHVERDIEV

Photosynthetica 2025,63(4):374-384 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2025.035  

The International Conference on "Photosynthesis and Hydrogen Energy Research" was inaugurated in 2004 in Trois Rivières, Canada, as "Photosynthesis and Post-Genomics Era". It was conceived by its founders, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev (Russia), Vyacheslav (Slava) Klimov (Russia), Robert Carpentier (Canada), and Prasanna Mohanty (India) to be an alternating conference to the bigger International Congress on Photosynthesis, which was then held every three years. The name was changed to the International Conference on Photosynthesis (ICP) in 2011. In 2013, "Hydrogen Production" was added, and then finally the current name, "International Conference...

Recent advances in plant stress analysis using chlorophyll a fluorescence

K.W. CHANG, H. TANG, L.J. FU, Q. XIA, Z.Y. PAN, J.L. TAN, V. LYSENKO, Y. GUO

Photosynthetica 2025,63(4):359-373 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2025.037  

Chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF), a sensitive, real-time, and nondestructive indicator of photosynthesis, enables noninvasive elucidation of the complex physiological and biochemical processes of plants. It plays a unique and important role in plant research, ecological evaluation, and agriculture. To provide a holistic picture of research on ChlF applications over the past decade, a knowledge map was first conducted, which revealed six major areas of ChlF applications in plant stress evaluation and reduction, including drought stress, temperature stress, salt stress, water stress, toxicity stress, and nitrogen stress. This work then systematically...

Phytomelatonin and post-drought stomatal recovery: psychotropic-like signaling in guard-cell dynamics

I. ACCOSSATO

Photosynthetica 2025,63(4):358 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2025.039  

Unravelling the differential responses of critically endangered Onobrychis conferta populations to drought and salinity stress

A. SAKHRAOUI, H.B. LTAEIF, J.M. CASTILLO, S. ROUZ

Photosynthetica 2025,63(4):346-357 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2025.034  

Understanding stress responses of endangered plants is vital for their conservation under climate change. We examined the effects of iso-osmotic drought (PEG) and salinity (NaCl) on the growth and physiology of three populations of the critically endangered legume Onobrychis conferta subsp. conferta (OC1, OC2, OC3) endemic to North-Western Tunisia. Both stresses reduced photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂, and carboxylation efficiency, while increasing intrinsic water-use efficiency. PSII photoinhibition (F_v/F_m decline) occurred after 6 d. Prolonged stress suppressed growth and water...

Increase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation and gas exchange through foliar application of melatonin in green bean plants

C.A. RAMÍREZ-ESTRADA, E.H. OCHOA-CHAPARRO, E. NAVARRO-LEÓN, J.C. ANCHONDO-PAÉZ, J.J. PATIÑO-CRUZ, C.L. FRANCO-LAGOS, A. ALVAREZ-MONGE, E. SÁNCHEZ

Photosynthetica 2025,63(4):340-345 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2025.036  

Crop productivity depends largely on photosynthetic efficiency, which is key to converting light energy into assimilates for biomass accumulation. The use of biostimulants such as melatonin (MEL) has emerged as a sustainable alternative to improve internal processes in plants and increase production. However, its effect on beans has not yet been clearly described. This study evaluated the foliar application of MEL on physiological and productive variables of Strike beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The plants were grown in vermiculite/perlite substrate (2:1) for 60 d, applying MEL [0, 1, 10, and 100 µM] weekly from 15 d after sowing. All...

Gordon Research Conference on Photosynthesis 2025: Mechanisms of the Process Driving the Biosphere Through the Lenses of Experiment and Computation

C.J. GISRIEL, J. LIU, D.A. FLESHER, K.E. REDDING

Photosynthetica 2025,63(4):332-339 | DOI: 10.32615/ps.2025.033  

Herein, we report on the 2025 Gordon Research Conference (27 July-1 August) and its preceding Gordon Research Seminar (26-27 July) on Photosynthesis, entitled "Mechanisms of the Process Driving the Biosphere Through the Lenses of Experiment and Computation". Both were held at Sunday River Resort in Newry, Maine, USA. The seminar and conference brought together an international group of photosynthesis researchers to discuss the most cutting-edge work uncovering photosynthetic mechanisms via computation, genetic manipulation, systems biology, structural biology, and much more.